# PaveBench: A Versatile Benchmark for Pavement Distress Perception and Interactive Vision-Language Analysis

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02804 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.02804/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 22 of its 43 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 22 of 22)

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- [SLAKE: A Semantically-Labeled Knowledge-Enhanced Dataset for Medical Visual Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09542/) (2021)
- [Feature Pyramid and Hierarchical Boosting Network for Pavement Crack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.06340/) (2019)
- [FasterViT: Fast Vision Transformers with Hierarchical Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06189/) (2023)
- [Road Damage Detection Using Deep Neural Networks with Images Captured Through a Smartphone](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.09454/) (2018)
- [RDD2022: A multi-national image dataset for automatic Road Damage Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.08538/) (2022)
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- [ToolVQA: A Dataset for Multi-step Reasoning VQA with External Tools](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.03284/) (2025)
- [Pavement Image Datasets: A New Benchmark Dataset to Classify and Densify Pavement Distresses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.11123/) (2019)
- [MI-DETR: An Object Detection Model with Multi-time Inquiries Mechanism](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01463/) (2025)
- [RoadBench: A Vision-Language Foundation Model and Benchmark for Road Damage Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.17353/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Pavement condition assessment is essential for road safety and maintenance. Existing research has made significant progress. However, most studies focus on conventional computer vision tasks such as classification, detection, and segmentation. In real-world applications, pavement inspection requires more than visual recognition. It also requires quantitative analysis, explanation, and interactive decision support. Current datasets are limited. They focus on unimodal perception. They lack support for multi-turn interaction and fact-grounded reasoning. They also do not connect perception with vision-language analysis. To address these limitations, we introduce PaveBench, a large-scale benchmark for pavement distress perception and interactive vision-language analysis on real-world highway inspection images. PaveBench supports four core tasks: classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and vision-language question answering. It provides unified task definitions and evaluation protocols. On the visual side, PaveBench provides large-scale annotations and includes a curated hard-distractor subset for robustness evaluation. It contains a large collection of real-world pavement images. On the multimodal side, we introduce PaveVQA, a real-image question answering (QA) dataset that supports single-turn, multi-turn, and expert-corrected interactions. It covers recognition, localization, quantitative estimation, and maintenance reasoning. We evaluate several state-of-the-art methods and provide a detailed analysis. We also present a simple and effective agent-augmented visual question answering framework that integrates domain-specific models as tools alongside vision-language models. The dataset is available at: https://huggingface.co/datasets/MML-Group/PaveBench.