# Realization of a Fully Connected Neural Layer Over-the-Air through Multi-hop Amplify-and-Forward Relays

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20489 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.20489/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 20 Mar 2026.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Relay-Assisted Activation-Integrated SIM for Wireless Physical Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04212/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We study the problem of implementing a fully-connected layer of a neural network using wireless over-the-air computing. We assume a multi hop system with a multi-antenna transmitter and receiver, along with a number of multi-hop amplify-and-forward relay devices in between. We formulate an optimization problem that optimizes the transmitter precoder, receiver combiner and amplify-and-forward gains, subject to relay device power constraint and transmitter power constraint. We propose an alternating optimization framework that optimizes the imitation accuracy. Simulation study results reveal that multi-hop relaying achieves an almost perfect classification accuracy when used in a neural network.