# Optimizing Resource-Constrained Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Multi-Cluster Outbreak Control Using Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.19397 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.19397/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in RL for clinical treatment and surgery, one of 15 directions in Deep reinforcement learning methods.
- Builds on 15 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2026.

## Placed in

- Deep reinforcement learning methods / [RL for clinical treatment and surgery](https://mlsanity.com/deeprl/rl-for-clinical-treatment-and-surgery/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
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- [Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03442/) (2023)
- [Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.06899/) (2022)
- [Data-Efficient Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.08296/) (2018)
- [FeUdal Networks for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.01161/) (2017)
- [Mean Field Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.05438/) (2018)
- [Collapsing Bandits and Their Application to Public Health Interventions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.04432/) (2020)
- [Whittle index based Q-learning for restless bandits with average reward](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.14427/) (2020)
- [Learn to Intervene: An Adaptive Learning Policy for Restless Bandits in Application to Preventive Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07965/) (2021)
- [NeurWIN: Neural Whittle Index Network For Restless Bandits Via Deep RL](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.02128/) (2021)
- [Reinforcement Learning for Optimization of COVID-19 Mitigation policies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.10560/) (2020)
- [Analysis and Control of Epidemics: A survey of spreading processes on complex networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.00768/) (2015)
- [Data-Driven Methods for Present and Future Pandemics: Monitoring, Modelling and Managing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.13130/) (2021)
- [Optimizing Urban Service Allocation with Time-Constrained Restless Bandits](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.00045/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as diagnostic testing and quarantine, are crucial for controlling infectious disease outbreaks but are often constrained by limited resources, particularly in early outbreak stages. In real-world public health settings, resources must be allocated across multiple outbreak clusters that emerge asynchronously, vary in size and risk, and compete for a shared resource budget. Here, a cluster corresponds to a group of close contacts generated by a single infected index case. Thus, decisions must be made under uncertainty and heterogeneous demands, while respecting operational constraints. We formulate this problem as a constrained restless multi-armed bandit and propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning framework. A global controller learns a continuous action cost multiplier that adjusts global resource demand, while a generalized local policy estimates the marginal value of allocating resources to individuals within each cluster. We evaluate the proposed framework in a realistic agent-based simulator of SARS-CoV-2 with dynamically arriving clusters. Across a wide range of system scales and testing budgets, our method consistently outperforms RMAB-inspired and heuristic baselines, improving outbreak control effectiveness by 20%-30%. Experiments on up to 40 concurrently active clusters further demonstrate that the hierarchical framework is highly scalable and enables faster decision-making than the RMAB-inspired method.