# NextMem: Towards Latent Factual Memory for LLM-based Agents

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15634 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.15634/

## Key facts

- Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Agent memory systems, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 35 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Agent memory systems](https://mlsanity.com/agents/agent-memory-systems/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 35)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09685/) (2021)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.05250/) (2016)
- [Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04906/) (2020)
- [HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.09600/) (2018)
- [Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03442/) (2023)
- [QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14314/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11432/) (2023)
- [The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07864/) (2023)
- [A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.15594/) (2024)
- [M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.03216/) (2024)
- [ExpeL: LLM Agents Are Experiential Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10144/) (2023)
- [RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.04683/) (2017)
- [Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17753/) (2024)
- [Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.06769/) (2024)
- [LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10813/) (2024)
- [Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Large Models: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14608/) (2024)
- [A Survey on the Memory Mechanism of Large Language Model based Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.13501/) (2024)
- [Learning to Compress Prompts with Gist Tokens](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.08467/) (2023)
- [Personal LLM Agents: Insights and Survey about the Capability, Efficiency and Security](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.05459/) (2024)
- [In-context Autoencoder for Context Compression in a Large Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.06945/) (2023)
- [Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.05065/) (2023)
- [DeepSeek-OCR: Contexts Optical Compression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.18234/) (2025)
- [A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01286/) (2024)
- [SoftCoT: Soft Chain-of-Thought for Efficient Reasoning with LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.12134/) (2025)
- [MemGen: Weaving Generative Latent Memory for Self-Evolving Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.24704/) (2025)
- [MemOS: An Operating System for Memory-Augmented Generation (MAG) in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22101/) (2025)
- [Deep Research: A Survey of Autonomous Research Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.12752/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [The Latent Space: Foundation, Evolution, Mechanism, Ability, and Outlook](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.02029/) (2026)
- [MemOps: Benchmarking Lifecycle Memory Operations in Long-Horizon Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.12893/) (2026)
- [Metis: Memory Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.26760/) (2026)
- [ScrapMem: A Bio-inspired Framework for On-device Personalized Agent Memory via Optical Forgetting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.03804/) (2026)
- [Mem-W: Latent Memory-Native GUI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.09317/) (2026)
- [Know You Before You Speak: User-State Modeling for LLM Personalization in Multi-Turn Conversation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.24647/) (2026)
- [Preference-Aware Rubric Learning for Personalized Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.31545/) (2026)
- [Joint Agent Memory and Exploration Learning via Novelty Signals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.01528/) (2026)
- [MemDefrag: Latent Memory Defragmentation for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.05969/) (2026)
- [MaSRead: Content-Addressed Reading of Replicated Latent Stores](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.11218/) (2026)
- [MemFold: Learning Compact Soft Memory for Long-Context Personalization via On-Policy Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.36435/) (2026)
- [Learning to Accumulate Knowledge with Mutual Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.10042/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Memory is critical for LLM-based agents to preserve past observations for future decision-making, where factual memory serves as its foundational part. However, existing approaches to constructing factual memory face several limitations. Textual methods impose heavy context and indexing burdens, while parametric methods suffer from catastrophic forgetting and high costs. To address these challenges, we introduce NextMem, a latent factual memory framework that utilizes an autoregressive autoencoder to efficiently construct latent memory while ensuring accurate reconstruction. For better optimization, we propose a two-stage training process, including autoregressive reconstruction alignment and progressive latent substitution. We also incorporate quantization to reduce storage overhead. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NextMem achieves superior performance, and excels in retrieval, robustness, and extensibility properties. We release our code and model checkpoints at https://github.com/nuster1128/NextMem.