# CLARE: Classification-based Regression for Electron Temperature Prediction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12470 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12470/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 36 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08361/) (2020)
- [Layer Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.06450/) (2016)
- [Discretizing Continuous Action Space for On-Policy Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.10500/) (2019)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Electron temperature (Te) is an important parameter governing space weather in the upper atmosphere, but has historically been underexplored in the space weather machine learning literature. We present CLARE, a machine learning model for predicting electron temperature in the Earth's plasmasphere trained on AKEBONO (EXOS-D) satellite measurements as well as solar and geomagnetic indices. CLARE uses a classification-based regression architecture that transforms the continuous Te output space into 150 discrete classification intervals. Training the model on a classification task improves prediction accuracy by 6.46% relative compared to a traditional regression model while also outputting uncertainty estimation information on its predictions. On a held out test set from the AKEBONO data, the model's Te predictions achieve 69.67% accuracy within 10% of the ground truth and 46.17% on a known geomagnetic storm period from January 30th to February 7th, 1991. We show that machine learning can be used to produce high-accuracy Te models on publicly available data.