# TriageSim: A Conversational Emergency Triage Simulation Framework from Structured Electronic Health Records

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10035 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.10035/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 32 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.10084/) (2019)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04356/) (2022)
- [SOTOPIA: Interactive Evaluation for Social Intelligence in Language Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11667/) (2023)
- [CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.10117/) (2024)
- [ACI-BENCH: a Novel Ambient Clinical Intelligence Dataset for Benchmarking Automatic Visit Note Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02022/) (2023)
- [Qwen3-TTS Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.15621/) (2026)
- [Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.20848/) (2025)
- [The T05 System for The VoiceMOS Challenge 2024: Transfer Learning from Deep Image Classifier to Naturalness MOS Prediction of High-Quality Synthetic Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.09305/) (2024)
- [NoteChat: A Dataset of Synthetic Doctor-Patient Conversations Conditioned on Clinical Notes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15959/) (2023)
- [Voxtral](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.13264/) (2025)
- [PatientSim: A Persona-Driven Simulator for Realistic Doctor-Patient Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.17818/) (2025)
- [PriMock57: A Dataset Of Primary Care Mock Consultations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00333/) (2022)
- [GLOBE: A High-quality English Corpus with Global Accents for Zero-shot Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.14875/) (2024)
- [MD3: The Multi-Dialect Dataset of Dialogues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11355/) (2023)
- [Enhancing Naturalness in LLM-Generated Utterances through Disfluency Insertion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12710/) (2024)
- [Synthetic Data Generation for Phrase Break Prediction with Large Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.18044/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [ELICITED: EHR-grounded Longitudinal Interactive Conversations for Information-seeking Triage Evaluation and Decision-making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.09024/) (2026)
- [Prompts versus Rules: Auditing and Controlling Speech Naturalness Behaviors in Voice User Simulators](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.11015/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Research in emergency triage is restricted to structured electronic health records (EHR) due to regulatory constraints on nurse-patient interactions. We introduce TriageSim, a simulation framework for generating persona-conditioned triage conversations from structured records. TriageSim enables multi-turn nurse-patient interactions with explicit control over disfluency and decision behaviour, producing a corpus of ~800 synthetic transcripts and corresponding audio. We use a combination of automated analysis for linguistic, behavioural and acoustic fidelity alongside manual evaluation for medical fidelity using a random subset of 50 conversations. The utility of the generated corpus is examined via conversational triage classification. We observe modest agreement for acuity levels across three modalities: generated synthetic text, ASR transcripts, and direct audio inputs. We provide the code for TriageSim at https://github.com/dipankarsrirag/triage-sim.git.