# I-CAM-UV: Integrating Causal Graphs over Non-Identical Variable Sets Using Causal Additive Models with Unobserved Variables

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03207 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.03207/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 27 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Causal Inference in the Presence of Latent Variables and Selection Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1302.4983/) (2013)
- [Approximate Kernel-based Conditional Independence Tests for Fast Non-Parametric Causal Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.03877/) (2017)
- [Causal Additive Models with Unobserved Causal Paths and Backdoor Paths](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07646/) (2025)
- [Likelihood-Free Overcomplete ICA and Applications in Causal Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.01525/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Causal Discovery via Transformed Low-Rank Quantile Surfaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.16931/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Causal discovery from observational data is a fundamental tool in various fields of science. While existing approaches are typically designed for a single dataset, we often need to handle multiple datasets with non-identical variable sets in practice. One straightforward approach is to estimate a causal graph from each dataset and construct a single causal graph by overlapping. However, this approach identifies limited causal relationships because unobserved variables in each dataset can be confounders, and some variable pairs may be unobserved in any dataset. To address this issue, we leverage Causal Additive Models with Unobserved Variables (CAM-UV) that provide causal graphs having information related to unobserved variables. We show that the ground truth causal graph has structural consistency with the information of CAM-UV on each dataset. As a result, we propose an approach named I-CAM-UV to integrate CAM-UV results by enumerating all consistent causal graphs. We also provide an efficient combinatorial search algorithm and demonstrate the usefulness of I-CAM-UV against existing methods.