# A Synergistic Approach: Dynamics-AI Ensemble in Tropical Cyclone Forecasting

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22533 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.22533/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 47 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [FuXi: A cascade machine learning forecasting system for 15-day global weather forecast](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.12873/) (2023)
- [FuXi-Extreme: Improving extreme rainfall and wind forecasts with diffusion model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.19822/) (2023)
- [FuXi-ENS: A machine learning model for medium-range ensemble weather forecasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.05925/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This study addresses a critical challenge in AI-based weather forecasting by developing an AI-driven optimized ensemble forecast system using Orthogonal Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations (O-CNOPs). The system bridges the gap between computational efficiency and dynamic consistency in tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting. Unlike conventional ensembles limited by computational costs or AI ensembles constrained by inadequate perturbation methods, O-CNOPs generate dynamically optimized perturbations that capture fast-growing errors of FuXi model while maintaining plausibility. The key innovation lies in producing orthogonal perturbations that respect FuXi nonlinear dynamics, yielding structures reflecting dominant dynamical controls and physically interpretable probabilistic forecasts. Demonstrating superior deterministic and probabilistic skills over the operational Integrated Forecasting System Ensemble Prediction System, this work establishes a new paradigm combining AI computational advantages with rigorous dynamical constraints. Success in TC track forecasting paves the way for reliable ensemble forecasts of other high-impact weather systems, marking a major step toward operational AI-based ensemble forecasting.