# Energy-Efficient Over-the-Air Federated Learning via Pinching Antenna Systems

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14250 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.14250/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 17 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Feb 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Federated Learning via Over-the-Air Computation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11750/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning via Intelligent Reflecting Surface](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.05051/) (2020)
- [Over-the-Air Computation Systems: Optimization, Analysis and Scaling Laws](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.00329/) (2019)
- [Integrating Over-the-Air Federated Learning and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access: What Role can RIS Play?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00435/) (2021)
- [Flexible-Antenna Systems: A Pinching-Antenna Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.02376/) (2024)
- [Movable Antennas for Wireless Communication: Opportunities and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02331/) (2023)
- [Adaptive Federated Learning Over the Air](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06528/) (2024)
- [Array Gain for Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.05657/) (2025)
- [Joint Antenna Selection and Beamforming for Massive MIMO-enabled Over-the-Air Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.17022/) (2023)
- [Movable Antenna-Aided Federated Learning with Over-the-Air Aggregation: Joint Optimization of Positioning, Beamforming, and User Selection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06721/) (2024)
- [Downlink Beamforming with Pinching-Antenna Assisted MIMO Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.01590/) (2025)
- [MIMO-PASS: Uplink and Downlink Transmission via MIMO Pinching-Antenna Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.03117/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [AirPASS: Over-the-Air Federated Learning via Pinching Antenna Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.06768/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Pinching antennas systems (PASSs) have recently been proposed as a novel flexible-antenna technology. These systems are implemented by attaching low-cost pinching elements to dielectric waveguides. As the direct link is bypassed through waveguides, PASSs can effectively compensate large-scale effects of the wireless channel. This work explores the potential gains of employing PASSs for over-the-air federated learning (OTA-FL). For a PASS-assisted server, we develop a low-complexity algorithmic approach, which jointly tunes the PASS parameters and schedules the mobile devices for minimal energy consumption in OTA-FL. We study the efficiency of the proposed design and compare it against the conventional OTA-FL setting with MIMO server. Numerical experiments demonstrate that using a single-waveguide PASS at the server within a moderately sized area, the required energy for model aggregation is drastically reduced as compared to the case with fully-digital MIMO server. This introduces PASS as a potential technology for energy-efficient distributed learning in next generations of wireless systems.