# InternAgent-1.5: A Unified Agentic Framework for Long-Horizon Autonomous Scientific Discovery

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08990 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.08990/

## Key facts

- Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Web, search, and research agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 34 of its 99 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Web, search, and research agents](https://mlsanity.com/agents/web-search-and-research-agents/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 34)

- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12948/) (2025)
- [WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.09332/) (2021)
- [The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.06292/) (2024)
- [AlphaEvolve: A coding agent for scientific and algorithmic discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.13131/) (2025)
- [Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17753/) (2024)
- [DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.02556/) (2025)
- [Humanity's Last Exam](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.14249/) (2025)
- [Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.05366/) (2025)
- [Agent Laboratory: Using LLM Agents as Research Assistants](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.04227/) (2025)
- [The AI Scientist-v2: Workshop-Level Automated Scientific Discovery via Agentic Tree Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.08066/) (2025)
- [Accelerating scientific discovery with Co-Scientist](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.18864/) (2025)
- [Memory in the Age of AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.13564/) (2025)
- [WebDancer: Towards Autonomous Information Seeking Agency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22648/) (2025)
- [WebShaper: Agentically Data Synthesizing via Information-Seeking Formalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.15061/) (2025)
- [Kosmos: An AI Scientist for Autonomous Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.02824/) (2025)
- [MiroThinker: Pushing the Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Research Agents via Model, Context, and Interactive Scaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.11793/) (2025)
- [WebResearcher: Unleashing unbounded reasoning capability in Long-Horizon Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.13309/) (2025)
- [Tongyi DeepResearch Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.24701/) (2025)
- [Robin: A multi-agent system for automating scientific discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.13400/) (2025)
- [Intern-S1: A Scientific Multimodal Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.15763/) (2025)
- [Beyond Chemical QA: Evaluating LLM's Chemical Reasoning with Modular Chemical Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21318/) (2025)
- [InternAgent: When Agent Becomes the Scientist -- Building Closed-Loop System from Hypothesis to Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16938/) (2025)
- [Large Language Models are Zero Shot Hypothesis Proposers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.05965/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models as Biomedical Hypothesis Generators: A Comprehensive Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08940/) (2024)
- [Probing Scientific General Intelligence of LLMs with Scientist-Aligned Workflows](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.16969/) (2025)
- [DeepDiver: Adaptive Search Intensity Scaling via Open-Web Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24332/) (2025)
- [AutoMind: Adaptive Knowledgeable Agent for Automated Data Science](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.10974/) (2025)
- [AutoMLGen: Navigating Fine-Grained Optimization for Coding Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.08511/) (2025)
- [GeAR: Graph-enhanced Agent for Retrieval-augmented Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.18431/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Reward Hacking in the Era of Large Models: Mechanisms, Emergent Misalignment, Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.13602/) (2026)
- [MLEvolve: A Self-Evolving Framework for Automated Machine Learning Algorithm Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.06473/) (2026)
- [Toward Generalist Autonomous Research via Hypothesis-Tree Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.11926/) (2026)
- [ResearchClawBench: A Benchmark for End-to-End Autonomous Scientific Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.07591/) (2026)
- [AutoResearch AI: Towards AI-Powered Research Automation for Scientific Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.23204/) (2026)
- [AutoScientists: Self-Organizing Agent Teams for Long-Running Scientific Experimentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.28655/) (2026)
- [P1-VL: Bridging Visual Perception and Scientific Reasoning in Physics Olympiads](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.09443/) (2026)
- [MolClaw: An Autonomous Agent with Hierarchical Skills for Drug Molecule Evaluation, Screening, and Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21937/) (2026)
- [Harnessing AtomisticSkills for Agentic Atomistic Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.24002/) (2026)
- [GEAR: Genetic AutoResearch for Agentic Code Evolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13874/) (2026)
- [Agents-K1: Towards Agent-native Knowledge Orchestration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.13669/) (2026)
- [Pioneer Agent: Continual Improvement of Small Language Models in Production](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.09791/) (2026)
- [pAI/MSc: ML Theory Research with Humans on the Loop](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.20622/) (2026)
- [SCI-PRM: A Tool Aware Process Reward Model for Scientific Reasoning Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.04579/) (2026)
- [Multi-agent discovery of practical quantum LDPC codes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.08996/) (2026)
- [SciDER: Scientific Data-centric End-to-end Researcher](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.01421/) (2026)
- [Embodied Science: Closing the Discovery Loop with Agentic Embodied AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.19782/) (2026)
- [DrugSAGE:Self-evolving Agent Experience for Efficient State-of-the-Art Drug Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.15461/) (2026)
- [Making AI Scientists Auditable from Evidence to Claim](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.18874/) (2026)
- [TruthInsightBench: An Evidence-Grounded Benchmark for Automated Evaluation of Open-Ended Scientific Discovery Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.05079/) (2026)
- [The Agent Use of Agent Beings: Agent Cybernetics Is the Missing Science of Foundation Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.10754/) (2026)
- [OpenAaaS: An Open Agent-as-a-Service Framework for Distributed Materials-Informatics Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13618/) (2026)
- [Interpretable Inverse Design of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Large Language Model Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.29459/) (2026)
- [SeekBrain: An Autonomous Multi-Agent System for Accelerating Neuroscience Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.29347/) (2026)
- [BizSage: A Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Framework for Business Research with Efficient Knowledge Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.22235/) (2026)
- [Collaborative Principle Evolution via Evidence Transfer for Scientific Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.35315/) (2026)
- [JANUS: Enhancing Long-Horizon Autonomous Research with Co-Evolving World Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.13194/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce InternAgent-1.5, a unified system designed for end-to-end scientific discovery across computational and empirical domains. The system is built on a structured architecture composed of three coordinated subsystems for generation, verification, and evolution. These subsystems are supported by foundational capabilities for deep research, solution optimization, and long horizon memory. The architecture allows InternAgent-1.5 to operate continuously across extended discovery cycles while maintaining coherent and improving behavior. It also enables the system to coordinate computational modeling and laboratory experimentation within a single unified system. We evaluate InternAgent-1.5 on scientific reasoning benchmarks such as GAIA, HLE, GPQA, and FrontierScience, and the system achieves leading performance that demonstrates strong foundational capabilities. Beyond these benchmarks, we further assess two categories of discovery tasks. In algorithm discovery tasks, InternAgent-1.5 autonomously designs competitive methods for core machine learning problems. In empirical discovery tasks, it executes complete computational or wet lab experiments and produces scientific findings in earth, life, biological, and physical domains. Overall, these results show that InternAgent-1.5 provides a general and scalable framework for autonomous scientific discovery.