# Learning fermionic linear optics with Heisenberg scaling and physical operations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05058 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.05058/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2026.

## Abstract (arXiv)

We revisit the problem of learning fermionic linear optics (FLO), also known as fermionic Gaussian unitaries. Given black-box query access to an unknown FLO, previous proposals required widetildeO(n5 / varepsilon2) queries, where n is the system size and varepsilon is the error in diamond distance. These algorithms also use unphysical operations (i.e., violating fermionic superselection rules) and/or n auxiliary modes to prepare Choi states of the FLO. In this work, we establish efficient and experimentally friendly protocols that obey superselection, use minimal ancilla (at most 1 extra mode), and exhibit improved dependence on both parameters n and varepsilon. For arbitrary (active) FLOs this algorithm makes at most widetildeO(n4 / varepsilon) queries, while for number-conserving (passive) FLOs we show that O(n3 / varepsilon) queries suffice. The complexity of the active case can be further reduced to widetildeO(n3 / varepsilon) at the cost of using n ancilla. This marks the first FLO learning algorithm that attains Heisenberg scaling in precision. As a side result, we also demonstrate an improved copy complexity of widetildeO(n η2 / varepsilon2) for time-efficient state tomography of η-particle Slater determinants in varepsilon trace distance, which may be of independent interest.