# OGD4All: A Framework for Accessible Interaction with Geospatial Open Government Data Based on Large Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00012 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.00012/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 24 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.11401/) (2020)
- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03629/) (2022)
- [Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.04761/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.05232/) (2023)
- [PAL: Program-aided Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.10435/) (2022)
- [Executable Code Actions Elicit Better LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01030/) (2024)
- [MultiPL-E: A Scalable and Extensible Approach to Benchmarking Neural Code Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.08227/) (2022)
- [Natural Language to Code Generation in Interactive Data Science Notebooks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09248/) (2022)
- [If LLM Is the Wizard, Then Code Is the Wand: A Survey on How Code Empowers Large Language Models to Serve as Intelligent Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.00812/) (2024)
- [Autonomous GIS: the next-generation AI-powered GIS](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06453/) (2023)
- [Geographic Question Answering: Challenges, Uniqueness, Classification, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.09392/) (2021)
- [UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.12360/) (2024)
- [Machine Bullshit: Characterizing the Emergent Disregard for Truth in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.07484/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [The Global-Local loop: what is missing in bridging the gap between geospatial data from numerous communities?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.20305/) (2026)
- [CIVI: A Framework for Diagnosing Search Agent Failures in Civic Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.08094/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present OGD4All, a transparent, auditable, and reproducible framework based on Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance citizens' interaction with geospatial Open Government Data (OGD). The system combines semantic data retrieval, agentic reasoning for iterative code generation, and secure sandboxed execution that produces verifiable multimodal outputs. Evaluated on a 199-question benchmark covering both factual and unanswerable questions, across 430 City-of-Zurich datasets and 11 LLMs, OGD4All reaches 98% analytical correctness and 94% recall while reliably rejecting questions unsupported by available data, which minimizes hallucination risks. Statistical robustness tests, as well as expert feedback, show reliability and social relevance. The proposed approach shows how LLMs can provide explainable, multimodal access to public data, advancing trustworthy AI for open governance.