# MURAD: A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary Dataset

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21512 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.21512/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 33 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Jan 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [AraELECTRA: Pre-Training Text Discriminators for Arabic Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.15516/) (2020)
- [Semeval-2022 Task 1: CODWOE -- Comparing Dictionaries and Word Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.13858/) (2022)
- [BERT for Monolingual and Cross-Lingual Reverse Dictionary](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.14790/) (2020)
- [Prediction of Arabic Legal Rulings using Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.10260/) (2023)
- [SARD: A Large-Scale Synthetic Arabic OCR Dataset for Book-Style Text Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24600/) (2025)
- [Azhary: An Arabic Lexical Ontology](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.1999/) (2014)
- [3D-EX : A Unified Dataset of Definitions and Dictionary Examples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.03043/) (2023)
- [Advancing Arabic Reverse Dictionary Systems: A Transformer-Based Approach with Dataset Construction Guidelines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.21475/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Arabic is a linguistically and culturally rich language with a vast vocabulary that spans scientific, religious, and literary domains. Yet, large-scale lexical datasets linking Arabic words to precise definitions remain limited. We present MURAD (Multi-domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary), an open lexical dataset with 96,243 word-definition pairs. The data come from trusted reference works and educational sources. Extraction used a hybrid pipeline integrating direct text parsing, optical character recognition, and automated reconstruction. This ensures accuracy and clarity. Each record aligns a target word with its standardized Arabic definition and metadata that identifies the source domain. The dataset covers terms from linguistics, Islamic studies, mathematics, physics, psychology, and engineering. It supports computational linguistics and lexicographic research. Applications include reverse dictionary modeling, semantic retrieval, and educational tools. By releasing this resource, we aim to advance Arabic natural language processing and promote reproducible research on Arabic lexical semantics.