# Recent advances in the Bradley--Terry Model: theory, algorithms, and applications

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14727 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.14727/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 21 Jan 2026.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [A Unified Perturbation Framework for Analyzing Leaderboard Stability and Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.15761/) (2026)
- [Human-AI Collaborative Autonomous Experimentation With Proxy Modeling for Comparative Observation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12618/) (2026)
- [Convergence analysis of a family of Zermelo-type iterations for the Bradley--Terry model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.22221/) (2026)
- [Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Entity Ranking under Iterative Synthetic Data Augmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.32987/) (2026)
- [On rankings in multiplayer games with an application to the game of Whist](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.00641/) (2026)
- [Bradley-Terry model under general comparison graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.06237/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This article surveys recent advances in the Bradley-Terry (BT) model and its extensions. We focus on statistical and computational aspects, with particular emphasis on the regime in which both the number of objects and the volume of comparisons tend to infinity-a setting relevant to large-scale applications. The main topics include asymptotic theory for statistical estimation and inference, together with the corresponding computational algorithms. We also review applications of these models in sports analytics, social choice, psychometrics, and machine learning. Finally, we discuss several key challenges and outline directions for future research.