# RoboBrain 2.5: Depth in Sight, Time in Mind

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14352 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.14352/

## Key facts

- Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Jan 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM reasoning / [Spatial and embodied reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/lr/spatial-and-embodied-reasoning/)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 39)

- [Hy-Embodied-0.5-VLA: From Vision-Language-Action Models to a Real-World Robot Learning Stack](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.14409/) (2026)
- [HY-Embodied-0.5: Embodied Foundation Models for Real-World Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.07430/) (2026)
- [PRM-as-a-Judge: A Dense Evaluation Paradigm for Fine-Grained Robotic Auditing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.21669/) (2026)
- [Long-Horizon Manipulation via Trace-Conditioned VLA Planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21924/) (2026)
- [SaPaVe: Towards Active Perception and Manipulation in Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12193/) (2026)
- [OVO-S-Bench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Streaming Spatial Intelligence in Multimodal LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.03890/) (2026)
- [Embodied-R1.5: Evolving Physical Intelligence via Embodied Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.11324/) (2026)
- [ABot-N1: Toward a General Visual Language Navigation Foundation Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.10383/) (2026)
- [HomeGuard: VLM-based Embodied Safeguard for Identifying Contextual Risk in Household Task](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.14367/) (2026)
- [Vesta: A Generalist Embodied Reasoning Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.20905/) (2026)
- [ACE-Brain-0.5: A Unified Embodied Foundational Model for Physical Agentic AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.04426/) (2026)
- [Cortex: A Bidirectionally Aligned Embodied Agent Framework for Long-horizon Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.05377/) (2026)
- [Why Far Looks Up: Probing Spatial Representation in Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.30161/) (2026)
- [Planning Takes More Than Token Prediction: Causal Plan for Benchmarking and Building Physically Grounded Embodied Reasoners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.01810/) (2026)
- [3D HAMSTER: Bridging Planning and Control in Hierarchical Vision Language Action Models through 3D Trajectory Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.31329/) (2026)
- [Towards Predictive, Aligned, and Scalable Robot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.11270/) (2026)
- [MA-VLA: Multi-Arm Vision-Language-Action Model for Collaboration and Compositional Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.25864/) (2026)
- [From Imagined Futures to Executable Actions: Mixture of Latent Actions for Robot Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.12167/) (2026)
- [VISTA: Vision-Grounded and Physics-Validated Adaptation of UMI data for VLA Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.04708/) (2026)
- [RoboVista: Evaluating Vision Language Models for Diverse Robot Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.04610/) (2026)
- [RxBrain: Embodied Cognition Foundation Model with Joint Language-Visual Reasoning and Imagination](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.14187/) (2026)
- [Show, Don't Tell: Evaluating Spatial Cognition in Generative Pixels Rather Than LLM Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.21072/) (2026)
- [RoboEvolve: Co-Evolving Planner-Simulator for Robotic Manipulation with Limited Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13775/) (2026)
- [EPIC-Bench: A Perception-Centric Benchmark for Fine-Grained Embodied Visual Grounding in Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.17070/) (2026)
- [ERQA-Plus: A Diagnostic Benchmark for Reasoning in Embodied AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.17639/) (2026)
- [Towards General Language-Conditioned Latent Safety Filters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.00315/) (2026)
- [SpatialPoint: Spatial-aware Point Prediction for Embodied Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.26690/) (2026)
- [SceneFunRI: Reasoning the Invisible for Task-Driven Functional Object Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.14704/) (2026)
- [Technical Report of RoboSpatial Challenge at CVPR 2026: Selective Reasoning Activation and Reference-Frame Disambiguation for Embodied Spatial Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.31645/) (2026)
- [RoboInter1.5: A Holistic Intermediate Representation Suite for Embodied World Modeling and Robotic Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.18709/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce RoboBrain 2.5, a next-generation embodied AI foundation model that advances general perception, spatial reasoning, and temporal modeling through extensive training on high-quality spatiotemporal supervision. Building upon its predecessor, RoboBrain 2.5 introduces two major capability upgrades. Specifically, it unlocks Precise 3D Spatial Reasoning by shifting from 2D pixel-relative grounding to depth-aware coordinate prediction and absolute metric constraint comprehension, generating complete 3D manipulation traces as ordered keypoint sequences under physical constraints. Complementing this spatial precision, the model establishes Dense Temporal Value Estimation that provides dense, step-aware progress prediction and execution state understanding across varying viewpoints, producing stable feedback signals for downstream learning. Together, these upgrades extend the framework toward more physically grounded and execution-aware embodied intelligence for complex, fine-grained manipulation. The code and checkpoints are available at project website: https://superrobobrain.github.io