# Billboard in Focus: Estimating Driver Gaze Duration from a Single Image

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.07073 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.07073/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 20 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07193/) (2023)
- [End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.12872/) (2020)
- [SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.02325/) (2015)
- [FLAML: A Fast and Lightweight AutoML Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.04706/) (2019)
- [Evaluating the Significance of Outdoor Advertising from Driver's Perspective Using Computer Vision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.07390/) (2023)
- [A method for estimating roadway billboard salience](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.07342/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Roadside billboards represent a central element of outdoor advertising, yet their presence may contribute to driver distraction and accident risk. This study introduces a fully automated pipeline for billboard detection and driver gaze duration estimation, aiming to evaluate billboard relevance without reliance on manual annotations or eye-tracking devices. Our pipeline operates in two stages: (1) a YOLO-based object detection model trained on Mapillary Vistas and fine-tuned on BillboardLamac images achieved 94% mAP@50 in the billboard detection task (2) a classifier based on the detected bounding box positions and DINOv2 features. The proposed pipeline enables estimation of billboard driver gaze duration from individual frames. We show that our method is able to achieve 68.1% accuracy on BillboardLamac when considering individual frames. These results are further validated using images collected from Google Street View.