# Average shortest-path length in word-adjacency networks: Chinese versus English

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06361 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.06361/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 56 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Jan 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Networks beyond pairwise interactions: structure and dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.01764/) (2020)
- [Complex systems approach to natural language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.02772/) (2024)
- [In narrative texts punctuation marks obey the same statistics as words](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1604.00834/) (2016)
- [Dynamics on higher-order networks: A review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.06601/) (2022)
- [Authorship Attribution through Function Word Adjacency Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1406.4469/) (2014)
- [Linguistic data mining with complex networks: a stylometric-oriented approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.05439/) (2018)
- [Universal versus system-specific features of punctuation usage patterns in~major Western~languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.11182/) (2022)
- [Statistics of punctuation in experimental literature -- the remarkable case of "Finnegans Wake" by James Joyce](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.00483/) (2024)
- [Modeling the average shortest path length in growth of word-adjacency networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4714/) (2014)
- [Complex networks analysis of language complexity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1302.4490/) (2013)
- [Punctuation patterns in "Finnegans Wake" by James Joyce are largely translation-invariant](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12954/) (2025)
- [Quantifying patterns of punctuation in modern Chinese prose](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.04449/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Complex networks provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the intricate structures present in various systems, including natural language. Here, we analyze topology of growing word-adjacency networks constructed from Chinese and English literary works written in different periods. Unconventionally, instead of considering dictionary words only, we also include punctuation marks as if they were ordinary words. Our approach is based on two arguments: (1) punctuation carries genuine information related to emotional state, allows for logical grouping of content, provides a pause in reading, and facilitates understanding by avoiding ambiguity, and (2) our previous works have shown that punctuation marks behave like words in a Zipfian analysis and, if considered together with regular words, can improve authorship attribution in stylometric studies. We focus on a functional dependence of the average shortest path length L(N) on a network size N for different epochs and individual novels in their original language as well as for translations of selected novels into the other language. We approximate the empirical results with a growing network model and obtain satisfactory agreement between the two. We also observe that L(N) behaves asymptotically similar for both languages if punctuation marks are included but becomes sizably larger for Chinese if punctuation marks are neglected.