# Complexity-based code embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.00924 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.00924/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 10 of its 19 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 1 Jan 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.02754/) (2016)
- [code2vec: Learning Distributed Representations of Code](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.09473/) (2018)
- [Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.09405/) (2017)
- [Neural Code Comprehension: A Learnable Representation of Code Semantics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.07336/) (2018)
- [Fast and Memory-Efficient Neural Code Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.13651/) (2020)
- [Exploring Software Naturalness through Neural Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.12641/) (2020)
- [Dynamic Neural Program Embedding for Program Repair](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07163/) (2017)
- [Learning Scalable and Precise Representation of Program Semantics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.05251/) (2019)
- [A Cross-Architecture Instruction Embedding Model for Natural Language Processing-Inspired Binary Code Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.09652/) (2018)
- [Semantic embeddings for program behavior patterns](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.03635/) (2018)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents a generic method for transforming the source code of various algorithms to numerical embeddings, by dynamically analysing the behaviour of computer programs against different inputs and by tailoring multiple generic complexity functions for the analysed metrics. The used algorithms embeddings are based on r-Complexity . Using the proposed code embeddings, we present an implementation of the XGBoost algorithm that achieves an average F1-score on a multi-label dataset with 11 classes, built using real-world code snippets submitted for programming competitions on the Codeforces platform.