# CME-CAD: Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning for CAD Code Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23333 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.23333/

## Key facts

- Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 32 of its 38 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Dec 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [GPT-4 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08774/) (2023)
- [Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11903/) (2022)
- [DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.03300/) (2024)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.11171/) (2022)
- [Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03744/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.11916/) (2022)
- [InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.14238/) (2023)
- [Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.14219/) (2024)
- [InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10479/) (2025)
- [LIMO: Less is More for Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.03387/) (2025)
- [Seed1.5-VL Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.07062/) (2025)
- [Absolute Zero: Reinforced Self-play Reasoning with Zero Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.03335/) (2025)
- [The Illusion of Thinking: Understanding the Strengths and Limitations of Reasoning Models via the Lens of Problem Complexity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.06941/) (2025)
- [Light-R1: Curriculum SFT, DPO and RL for Long COT from Scratch and Beyond](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.10460/) (2025)
- [Echo Chamber: RL Post-training Amplifies Behaviors Learned in Pretraining](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07912/) (2025)
- [Concise Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.05185/) (2025)
- [CAD-Llama: Leveraging Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design Parametric 3D Model Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.04481/) (2025)
- [Generating CAD Code with Vision-Language Models for 3D Designs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05340/) (2024)
- [CAD-Coder: Text-to-CAD Generation with Chain-of-Thought and Geometric Reward](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19713/) (2025)
- [GenCAD: Image-Conditioned Computer-Aided Design Generation with Transformer-Based Contrastive Representation and Diffusion Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.16294/) (2024)
- [Img2CAD: Reverse Engineering 3D CAD Models from Images through VLM-Assisted Conditional Factorization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01437/) (2024)
- [BOLT: Bootstrap Long Chain-of-Thought in Language Models without Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.03860/) (2025)
- [Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Chinese Ancient Documents: From OCR to Knowledge Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.09731/) (2025)
- [ChatReID: Open-ended Interactive Person Retrieval via Hierarchical Progressive Tuning for Vision Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.19958/) (2025)
- [From 2D CAD Drawings to 3D Parametric Models: A Vision-Language Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.11892/) (2024)
- [SAIL-VL2 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.14033/) (2025)
- [UMIT: Unifying Medical Imaging Tasks via Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.15892/) (2025)
- [Trust Region Preference Approximation: A simple and stable reinforcement learning algorithm for LLM reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.04524/) (2025)
- [From Intent to Execution: Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reinforcement Learning for Precise CAD Code Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.10118/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 19 of 19)

- [Diffusion Probe: Generated Image Result Prediction Using CNN Probes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.23783/) (2026)
- [IterCAD: An Iterative Multimodal Agent for Visually-Grounded CAD Generation and Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.13368/) (2026)
- [Beyond NL2Code: A Structured Survey of Multimodal Code Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.15932/) (2026)
- [CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.00799/) (2026)
- [OmniCAD: A Large-Scale Benchmark for 3D Spatial Reasoning in Robotics Assemblies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.22637/) (2026)
- [LPCAN: Lightweight Pyramid Cross-Attention Network for Rail Surface Defect Detection Using RGB-D Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.09118/) (2026)
- [Knowledge-Embedded and Hypernetwork-Guided Few-Shot Substation Meter Defect Image Generation Method](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.09238/) (2026)
- [MA-LipNet: Multi-Dimensional Attention Networks for Robust Lipreading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.20881/) (2026)
- [The Diffusion Duet: Harmonizing Dual Channels with Wavelet Suppression for Image Separation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.13361/) (2026)
- [Detecting Deepfakes with Multivariate Soft Blending and CLIP-based Image-Text Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.15903/) (2026)
- [Efficient Image Super-Resolution with Multi-Scale Spatial Adaptive Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.00118/) (2026)
- [Design-Specification Tiling for ICL-based CAD Code Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12712/) (2026)
- [A Deformable Attention-Based Detection Transformer with Cross-Scale Feature Fusion for Industrial Coil Spring Inspection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.13429/) (2026)
- [Multi-View Deformable Convolution Meets Visual Mamba for Coronary Artery Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.21829/) (2026)
- [JND-Guided Neural Watermarking with Spatial Transformer Decoding for Screen-Capture Robustness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.26766/) (2026)
- [Three-Phase Evaluation of AI-Assisted Software Development Life Cycle](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.05125/) (2026)
- [OmniMech: All-in-one Multimodal Mechanical Benchmark for 3D Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.05539/) (2026)
- [RA-CAD: Learning Post-Execution Critique for State-Aware Text-to-CAD Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.05714/) (2026)
- [Rank-Consistent Set Reasoning for Co-Salient Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.13706/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods that reconstruct 3D models from sketches often produce non-editable and approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precision and editability in industrial design. Moreover, the reliance on text or image-based inputs often requires significant manual annotation, limiting their scalability and applicability in industrial settings. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (CME-CAD) paradigm, a novel training paradigm for CAD code generation. Our approach integrates the complementary strengths of these models, facilitating collaborative learning and improving the model's ability to generate accurate, constraint-compatible, and fully editable CAD models. We introduce a two-stage training process: Multi-Expert Fine-Tuning (MEFT), and Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (MERL). Additionally, we present CADExpert, an open-source benchmark consisting of 17,299 instances, including orthographic projections with precise dimension annotations, expert-generated Chain-of-Thought (CoT) processes, executable CADQuery code, and rendered 3D models.