# No One Left Behind: How to Exploit the Incomplete and Skewed Multi-Label Data for Conversion Rate Prediction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13300 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.13300/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 19 of its 45 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 19 of 19)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [A Survey on Multi-Task Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.08114/) (2017)
- [DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04247/) (2017)
- [AutoInt: Automatic Feature Interaction Learning via Self-Attentive Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.11921/) (2018)
- [Just Pick a Sign: Optimizing Deep Multitask Models with Gradient Sign Dropout](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.06808/) (2020)
- [Entire Space Multi-Task Model: An Effective Approach for Estimating Post-Click Conversion Rate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.07931/) (2018)
- [One Model to Serve All: Star Topology Adaptive Recommender for Multi-Domain CTR Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11427/) (2021)
- [KuaiRand: An Unbiased Sequential Recommendation Dataset with Randomly Exposed Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.08696/) (2022)
- [Optimized Cost per Click in Taobao Display Advertising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.02091/) (2017)
- [Large-scale Causal Approaches to Debiasing Post-click Conversion Rate Estimation with Multi-task Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.09337/) (2019)
- [M3oE: Multi-Domain Multi-Task Mixture-of Experts Recommendation Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18465/) (2024)
- [SAR-Net: A Scenario-Aware Ranking Network for Personalized Fair Recommendation in Hundreds of Travel Scenarios](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06475/) (2021)
- [Joint Optimization of Ranking and Calibration with Contextualized Hybrid Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.06164/) (2022)
- [STEM: Unleashing the Power of Embeddings for Multi-task Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13537/) (2023)
- [Leaving No One Behind: A Multi-Scenario Multi-Task Meta Learning Approach for Advertiser Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.06814/) (2022)
- [A Generalized Doubly Robust Learning Framework for Debiasing Post-Click Conversion Rate Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.06684/) (2022)
- [Retrievable Domain-Sensitive Feature Memory for Multi-Domain Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12892/) (2024)
- [Deep Bayesian Multi-Target Learning for Recommender Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.09154/) (2019)
- [Masked Multi-Domain Network: Multi-Type and Multi-Scenario Conversion Rate Prediction with a Single Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.17425/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In most real-world online advertising systems, advertisers typically have diverse customer acquisition goals. A common solution is to use multi-task learning (MTL) to train a unified model on post-click data to estimate the conversion rate (CVR) for these diverse targets. In practice, CVR prediction often encounters missing conversion data as many advertisers submit only a subset of user conversion actions due to privacy or other constraints, making the labels of multi-task data incomplete. If the model is trained on all available samples where advertisers submit user conversion actions, it may struggle when deployed to serve a subset of advertisers targeting specific conversion actions, as the training and deployment data distributions are mismatched. While considerable MTL efforts have been made, a long-standing challenge is how to effectively train a unified model with the incomplete and skewed multi-label data. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained Knowledge transfer framework for Asymmetric Multi-Label data (KAML). We introduce an attribution-driven masking strategy (ADM) to better utilize data with asymmetric multi-label data in training. However, the more relaxed masking in ADM is a double-edged sword: it provides additional training signals but also introduces noise due to skewed data. To address this, we propose a hierarchical knowledge extraction mechanism (HKE) to model the sample discrepancy within the target task tower. Finally, to maximize the utility of unlabeled samples, we incorporate ranking loss strategy to further enhance our model. The effectiveness of KAML has been demonstrated through comprehensive evaluations on offline industry datasets and online A/B tests, which show significant performance improvements over existing MTL baselines.