# Grounding Large Language Models as Generalizable Policies in Network Control

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.11839 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.11839/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 31 of its 56 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 31)

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- [A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.00596/) (2019)
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- [Taming Throughput-Latency Tradeoff in LLM Inference with Sarathi-Serve](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.02310/) (2024)
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- [Unveiling the Generalization Power of Fine-Tuned Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09162/) (2024)
- [Large Language Models for Networking: Applications, Enabling Techniques, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.17474/) (2023)
- [Automatic Curriculum Generation for Learning Adaptation in Networking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.05940/) (2022)
- [LLM4WM: Adapting LLM for Wireless Multi-Tasking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12983/) (2025)
- [Probe and Adapt: Rate Adaptation for HTTP Video Streaming At Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1305.0510/) (2013)
- [Control-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Chemical Processes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.13566/) (2024)
- [Respond to Change with Constancy: Instruction-tuning with LLM for Non-I.I.D. Network Traffic Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20866/) (2025)
- [Safe Reinforcement Learning for Power System Control: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00681/) (2024)
- [AI2MMUM: AI-AI Oriented Multi-Modal Universal Model Leveraging Telecom Domain Large Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.10003/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Designing generalizable control policies that operate reliably under changing conditions is essential for robust network services in modern digital infrastructure. Yet network control remains dominated by specialized policies built from handcrafted rules or deep learning models, which struggle to generalize under real-world dynamics. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative because of their broad pretrained knowledge and emergent generalization abilities, but their practical adoption in network control is hindered by non-textual observations, constrained action spaces, complex optimization knowledge, and strict real-time requirements. Therefore, we introduce Trailblazer, a systematic framework that combines domain alignment to adapt LLMs for network control with adaptive policy collaboration to reduce inference overhead. Simulations across two heterogeneous network control tasks, adaptive bitrate streaming and cluster job scheduling, show that Trailblazer improves performance over conventional policies by 6.5%-36.6% and 3.5%-41.3%, respectively. Moreover, in a large-scale online A/B test of congestion control on Douyin, Trailblazer outperforms a highly optimized industrial policy, corresponding to a projected reduction of approximately 3,145 hours of platform-wide video stall time per day. Further analysis reveals that effective LLM-based control can be achieved by properly aligning compact LLMs and only invoking them for complex conditions, rather than model scaling or extensive invocation. Together, our results establish an LLM-driven paradigm for designing generalizable network policies and offer practical insights into grounding foundation models for real-world network control.