# BrepGPT: Autoregressive B-rep Generation with Voronoi Half-Patch

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.22171 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.22171/

## Key facts

- Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 57 of its 94 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Nov 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 57)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.01703/) (2019)
- [Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02216/) (2017)
- [Neural Discrete Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.00937/) (2017)
- [ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repository](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03012/) (2015)
- [Autoregressive Image Generation without Vector Quantization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.11838/) (2024)
- [ABC: A Big CAD Model Dataset For Geometric Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06216/) (2018)
- [DeepCAD: A Deep Generative Network for Computer-Aided Design Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.09492/) (2021)
- [PolyGen: An Autoregressive Generative Model of 3D Meshes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.10880/) (2020)
- [MeshGPT: Generating Triangle Meshes with Decoder-Only Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.15475/) (2023)
- [Michelangelo: Conditional 3D Shape Generation based on Shape-Image-Text Aligned Latent Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.17115/) (2023)
- [BSP-Net: Generating Compact Meshes via Binary Space Partitioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.06971/) (2019)
- [MeshAnything: Artist-Created Mesh Generation with Autoregressive Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10163/) (2024)
- [Neural Wavelet-domain Diffusion for 3D Shape Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.08725/) (2022)
- [SkexGen: Autoregressive Generation of CAD Construction Sequences with Disentangled Codebooks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.04632/) (2022)
- [CSGNet: Neural Shape Parser for Constructive Solid Geometry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.08290/) (2017)
- [MeshAnything V2: Artist-Created Mesh Generation With Adjacent Mesh Tokenization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.02555/) (2024)
- [BrepGen: A B-rep Generative Diffusion Model with Structured Latent Geometry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.15563/) (2024)
- [ParSeNet: A Parametric Surface Fitting Network for 3D Point Clouds](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.12181/) (2020)
- [BRepNet: A topological message passing system for solid models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00706/) (2021)
- [Write, Execute, Assess: Program Synthesis with a REPL](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.04604/) (2019)
- [Meshtron: High-Fidelity, Artist-Like 3D Mesh Generation at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.09548/) (2024)
- [Hierarchical Neural Coding for Controllable CAD Model Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.00149/) (2023)
- [Computer-Aided Design as Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.02769/) (2021)
- [CAD-MLLM: Unifying Multimodality-Conditioned CAD Generation With MLLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04954/) (2024)
- [UCSG-Net -- Unsupervised Discovering of Constructive Solid Geometry Tree](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.09102/) (2020)
- [JoinABLe: Learning Bottom-up Assembly of Parametric CAD Joints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.12772/) (2021)
- [Scaling Mesh Generation via Compressive Tokenization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.07025/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Zero-to-CAD: Agentic Synthesis of Interpretable CAD Programs at Million-Scale Without Real Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.24479/) (2026)
- [Engine-Native Editable 3D World Reconstruction with Objects and Lighting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.20889/) (2026)
- [neuralCAD-Edit: An Expert Benchmark for Multimodal-Instructed 3D CAD Model Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.16170/) (2026)
- [Img2CADSeq: Image-to-CAD Generation via Sequence-Based Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13293/) (2026)
- [DualBrep: A Dual-Field Continuous Representation for B-rep Modelling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.31579/) (2026)
- [Autoregressive B-Rep Shape Generation with Parametric Surfaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.17093/) (2026)
- [CADENA: Stepwise CAD Reverse Engineering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.00799/) (2026)
- [AutoRegressive Generation with B-rep Holistic Token Sequence Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.16771/) (2026)
- [Towards Valid B-Rep Generation: Training-Free Wireframe Anomaly Detection and Repair](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.04955/) (2026)
- [Learn the Solid, Not the File: Canonical Inputs for Neural Networks on CAD Boundary Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.11573/) (2026)
- [CGGT: Curve-Grounded Geometry Transformer for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.14521/) (2026)
- [AgenticCADedit: A Stateful, Tool-Mediated Agentic Approach to Multimodal 3D CAD Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.29621/) (2026)
- [UniBRep: Learning Unified Geometry and Topology for Image-conditioned B-Rep Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.04092/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Boundary representation (B-rep) is the de facto standard for CAD model representation in modern industrial design. The intricate coupling between geometric and topological elements in B-rep structures has forced existing generative methods to rely on cascaded multi-stage networks, resulting in error accumulation and computational inefficiency. We present BrepGPT, a single-stage autoregressive framework for B-rep generation. Our key innovation lies in the Voronoi Half-Patch (VHP) representation, which decomposes B-reps into unified local units by assigning geometry to nearest half-edges and sampling their next pointers. Unlike hierarchical representations that require multiple distinct encodings for different structural levels, our VHP representation facilitates unifying geometric attributes and topological relations in a single, coherent format. We further leverage dual VQ-VAEs to encode both vertex topology and Voronoi Half-Patches into vertex-based tokens, achieving a more compact sequential encoding. A decoder-only Transformer is then trained to autoregressively predict these tokens, which are subsequently mapped to vertex-based features and decoded into complete B-rep models. Experiments demonstrate that BrepGPT achieves state-of-the-art performance in unconditional B-rep generation. The framework also exhibits versatility in various applications, including conditional generation from category labels, point clouds, text descriptions, and images, as well as B-rep autocompletion and interpolation.