# STAR: Smartphone-analogous Typing in Augmented Reality

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21143 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.21143/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 73 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Nov 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Comparing Speech and Keyboard Text Entry for Short Messages in Two Languages on Touchscreen Phones](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.07323/) (2016)
- [TapType: Ten-finger text entry on everyday surfaces via Bayesian inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.06001/) (2024)
- [Analyzing the Use of Camera Glasses in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.09749/) (2019)
- [ARcall: Real-Time AR Communication using Smartphones and Smartglasses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.04358/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Beyond Input-Output: Rethinking Creativity through Design-by-Analogy in Human-AI Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.09423/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

While text entry is an essential and frequent task in Augmented Reality (AR) applications, devising an efficient and easy-to-use text entry method for AR remains an open challenge. This research presents STAR, a smartphone-analogous AR text entry technique that leverages a user's familiarity with smartphone two-thumb typing. With STAR, a user performs thumb typing on a virtual QWERTY keyboard that is overlain on the skin of their hands. During an evaluation study of STAR, participants achieved a mean typing speed of 21.9 WPM (i.e., 56% of their smartphone typing speed), and a mean error rate of 0.3% after 30 minutes of practice. We further analyze the major factors implicated in the performance gap between STAR and smartphone typing, and discuss ways this gap could be narrowed.