# Oxytrees: Model Trees for Bipartite Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.12713 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.12713/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 46 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Nov 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Learning from positive and unlabeled data: a survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.04820/) (2018)
- [MolTrans: Molecular Interaction Transformer for Drug Target Interaction Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11424/) (2020)
- [Progresses and Challenges in Link Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.11472/) (2021)
- [Comprehensive evaluation of deep and graph learning on drug-drug interactions prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05257/) (2023)
- [Drug-Target Interaction Prediction via an Ensemble of Weighted Nearest Neighbors with Interaction Recovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.12325/) (2020)
- [Classifying pairs with trees for supervised biological network inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1404.6074/) (2014)
- [A two-step learning approach for solving full and almost full cold start problems in dyadic prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.4423/) (2014)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Bipartite learning is a machine learning task that aims to predict interactions between pairs of instances. It has been applied to various domains, including drug-target interactions, RNA-disease associations, and regulatory network inference. Despite being widely investigated, current methods still present drawbacks, as they are often designed for a specific application and thus do not generalize to other problems or present scalability issues. To address these challenges, we propose Oxytrees: proxy-based biclustering model trees. Oxytrees compress the interaction matrix into row- and column-wise proxy matrices, significantly reducing training time without compromising predictive performance. We also propose a new leaf-assignment algorithm that significantly reduces the time taken for prediction. Finally, Oxytrees employ linear models using the Kronecker product kernel in their leaves, resulting in shallower trees and thus even faster training. Using 15 datasets, we compared the predictive performance of ensembles of Oxytrees with that of the current state-of-the-art. We achieved up to 30-fold improvement in training times compared to state-of-the-art biclustering forests, while demonstrating competitive or superior performance in most evaluation settings, particularly in the inductive setting. Finally, we provide an intuitive Python API to access all datasets, methods and evaluation measures used in this work, thus enabling reproducible research in this field.