# Mina: A Multilingual LLM-Powered Legal Assistant Agent for Bangladesh for Empowering Access to Justice

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08605 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.08605/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Social simulation and multi-agent debate, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 22 of its 45 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Nov 2025.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Social simulation and multi-agent debate](https://mlsanity.com/agents/social-simulation-and-multi-agent-debate/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [The Llama 3 Herd of Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.21783/) (2024)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [GPT-4o System Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21276/) (2024)
- [Gemma 3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19786/) (2025)
- [Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.11805/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models in Law: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.03718/) (2023)
- [Chatlaw: A Multi-Agent Legal Assistant based on a Role-Aligned Mixture-of-Experts Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16092/) (2023)
- [LegalAgentBench: Evaluating LLM Agents in Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.17259/) (2024)
- [Command A: An Enterprise-Ready Large Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.00698/) (2025)
- [The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating It](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24119/) (2025)
- [Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21306/) (2024)
- [Better Call GPT, Comparing Large Language Models Against Lawyers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16212/) (2024)
- [LLM-Powered AI Agent Systems and Their Applications in Industry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16120/) (2025)
- [LawLuo: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Multi-Round Chinese Legal Consultation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.16252/) (2024)
- [Agents on the Bench: Large Language Model Based Multi Agent Framework for Trustworthy Digital Justice](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.18697/) (2024)
- [The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safety](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21344/) (2025)
- [Caveat Lector: Large Language Models in Legal Practice](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09163/) (2024)
- [Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00990/) (2024)
- [Optimizing Numerical Estimation and Operational Efficiency in the Legal Domain through Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19041/) (2024)
- [Large Language Models for Judicial Entity Extraction: A Comparative Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.05786/) (2024)
- [Exploring Possibilities of AI-Powered Legal Assistance in Bangladesh through Large Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17210/) (2024)
- [Justifiable Artificial Intelligence: Engineering Large Language Models for Legal Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.15716/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Toward Personalized LLM-Powered Agents: Foundations, Evaluation, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.22680/) (2026)
- [Do Small Models Use the Law You Give Them? Context-Injected Fine-Tuning for Legal QA in Bangladesh](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.23446/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Bangladesh's low-income population faces major barriers to affordable legal advice due to complex legal language, procedural opacity, and high costs. Existing AI legal assistants lack Bengali-language support and jurisdiction-specific adaptation, limiting their effectiveness. To address this, we developed Mina, a multilingual LLM-based legal assistant tailored for the Bangladeshi context. It employs multilingual embeddings and a RAG-based chain-of-tools framework for retrieval, reasoning, translation, and document generation, delivering context-aware legal drafts, citations, and plain-language explanations via an interactive chat interface. Evaluated by law faculty from leading Bangladeshi universities across all stages of the 2022 and 2023 Bangladesh Bar Council Exams, Mina scored 75-80% in Preliminary MCQs, Written, and simulated Viva Voce exams, matching or surpassing average human performance and demonstrating clarity, contextual understanding, and sound legal reasoning. Even under a conservative upper bound, Mina operates at just 0.12-0.61% of typical legal consultation costs in Bangladesh, yielding a 99.4-99.9% cost reduction relative to human-provided services. These results confirm its potential as a low-cost, multilingual AI assistant that automates key legal tasks and scales access to justice, offering a real-world case study on building domain-specific, low-resource systems and addressing challenges of multilingual adaptation, efficiency, and sustainable public-service AI deployment.