# Auditing and Mitigating Bias in Gender Classification Algorithms: A Data-Centric Approach

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17873 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.17873/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 21 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.09635/) (2019)
- [Mitigating Unwanted Biases with Adversarial Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07593/) (2018)
- [Large image datasets: A pyrrhic win for computer vision?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.16923/) (2020)
- [Wasserstein Fair Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.12059/) (2019)
- [Saving Face: Investigating the Ethical Concerns of Facial Recognition Auditing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.00964/) (2020)
- [FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Age](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.04913/) (2019)
- [Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02821/) (2021)
- [Deep Learning for Source Code Modeling and Generation: Models, Applications and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05442/) (2020)
- [Understanding Fairness of Gender Classification Algorithms Across Gender-Race Groups](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.11491/) (2020)
- [Anatomizing Bias in Facial Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.06522/) (2021)
- [Evaluating Fairness Metrics in the Presence of Dataset Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.09245/) (2018)
- [Review of Demographic Fairness in Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.02309/) (2025)
- [AI Data Development: A Scorecard for the System Card Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.02071/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Gender classification systems often inherit and amplify demographic imbalances in their training data. We first audit five widely used gender classification datasets, revealing that all suffer from significant intersectional underrepresentation. To measure the downstream impact of these flaws, we train identical MobileNetV2 classifiers on the two most balanced of these datasets, UTKFace and FairFace. Our fairness evaluation shows that even these models exhibit significant bias, misclassifying female faces at a higher rate than male faces and amplifying existing racial skew. To counter these data-induced biases, we construct BalancedFace, a new public dataset created by blending images from FairFace and UTKFace, supplemented with images from other collections to fill missing demographic gaps. It is engineered to equalize subgroup shares across 189 intersections of age, race, and gender using only real, unedited images. When a standard classifier is trained on BalancedFace, it reduces the maximum True Positive Rate gap across racial subgroups by over 50% and brings the average Disparate Impact score 63% closer to the ideal of 1.0 compared to the next-best dataset, all with a minimal loss of overall accuracy. These results underline the profound value of data-centric interventions and provide an openly available resource for fair gender classification research.