# Wavefront Coding for Accommodation-Invariant Near-Eye Displays

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12778 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.12778/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 88 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Oct 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03924/) (2018)
- [Deep Optics for Single-shot High-dynamic-range Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.00620/) (2019)
- [Learning Wavefront Coding for Extended Depth of Field Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.13423/) (2019)
- [Towards Multifocal Displays with Dense Focal Stacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10664/) (2018)
- [Optical modelling of accommodative light field display system and prediction of human eye responses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00884/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present a new computational near-eye display method that addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict problem in stereoscopic displays through accommodation-invariance. Our system integrates a refractive lens eyepiece with a novel wavefront coding diffractive optical element, operating in tandem with a pre-processing convolutional neural network. We employ end-to-end learning to jointly optimize the wavefront-coding optics and the image pre-processing module. To implement this approach, we develop a differentiable retinal image formation model that accounts for limiting aperture and chromatic aberrations introduced by the eye optics. We further integrate the neural transfer function and the contrast sensitivity function into the loss model to account for related perceptual effects. To tackle off-axis distortions, we incorporate position dependency into the pre-processing module. In addition to conducting rigorous analysis based on simulations, we also fabricate the designed diffractive optical element and build a benchtop setup, demonstrating accommodation-invariance for depth ranges of up to four diopters.