# Cosmological Hydrodynamics at Exascale: A Trillion-Particle Leap in Capability

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03557 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.03557/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Preserving Clusters in Error-Bounded Lossy Compression of Scientific Particle Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.18801/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Resolving the most fundamental questions in cosmology requires simulations that match the scale, fidelity, and physical complexity demanded by next-generation sky surveys. To achieve the realism needed for this critical scientific partnership, detailed gas dynamics, along with a host of astrophysical effects, must be treated self-consistently with gravity for end-to-end modeling of structure formation. As an important step on this roadmap, exascale computing enables simulations that span survey-scale volumes while incorporating key subgrid processes that shape complex cosmic structures. We present results from CRK-HACC, a cosmological hydrodynamics code built for the extreme scalability requirements set by modern cosmological surveys. Using separation-of-scale techniques, GPU-resident tree solvers, in situ analysis pipelines, and multi-tiered I/O, CRK-HACC executed Frontier-E: a four trillion particle full-sky simulation, over an order of magnitude larger than previous efforts. The run achieved 513.1 PFLOPs peak performance, processing 46.6 billion particles per second and writing more than 100 PB of data in just over one week of runtime.