# Semantic-Aware Logical Reasoning via a Semiotic Framework

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24765 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.24765/

## Key facts

- Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning.
- Builds on 35 of its 75 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2025.

## Placed in

- LLM reasoning / [Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/lr/reasoning-benchmarks-and-evaluation/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 35)

- [GPT-4 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08774/) (2023)
- [DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12948/) (2025)
- [Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.11171/) (2022)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [GPT-4o System Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21276/) (2024)
- [A Survey of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.18223/) (2023)
- [MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.00352/) (2023)
- [GSM-Symbolic: Understanding the Limitations of Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05229/) (2024)
- [Logic-LM: Empowering Large Language Models with Symbolic Solvers for Faithful Logical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.12295/) (2023)
- [Language Models Are Greedy Reasoners: A Systematic Formal Analysis of Chain-of-Thought](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.01240/) (2022)
- [ProofWriter: Generating Implications, Proofs, and Abductive Statements over Natural Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.13048/) (2020)
- [FOLIO: Natural Language Reasoning with First-Order Logic](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.00840/) (2022)
- [AutoAgents: A Framework for Automatic Agent Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.17288/) (2023)
- [Agent AI: Surveying the Horizons of Multimodal Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.03568/) (2024)
- [Qwen2.5-1M Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.15383/) (2025)
- [MathCoder: Seamless Code Integration in LLMs for Enhanced Mathematical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03731/) (2023)
- [Faithful Logical Reasoning via Symbolic Chain-of-Thought](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18357/) (2024)
- [Efficient Reasoning Models: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10903/) (2025)
- [Cumulative Reasoning with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04371/) (2023)
- [SE-Agent: Self-Evolution Trajectory Optimization in Multi-Step Reasoning with LLM-Based Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02085/) (2025)
- [Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models for Natural Language to First-Order Logic Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.15541/) (2023)
- [Multi-LogiEval: Towards Evaluating Multi-Step Logical Reasoning Ability of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.17169/) (2024)
- [Curriculum-RLAIF: Curriculum Alignment with Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20075/) (2025)
- [Coupled Mamba: Enhanced Multi-modal Fusion with Coupled State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18014/) (2024)
- [Why Prompt Design Matters and Works: A Complexity Analysis of Prompt Search Space in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.10084/) (2025)
- [Large Language Models Meet Symbolic Provers for Logical Reasoning Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06563/) (2025)
- [Divide and Translate: Compositional First-Order Logic Translation and Verification for Complex Logical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.08047/) (2024)
- [SF2T: Self-supervised Fragment Finetuning of Video-LLMs for Fine-Grained Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07745/) (2025)
- [ReasonMap: Towards Fine-Grained Visual Reasoning from Transit Maps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18675/) (2025)
- [Deep SE(3)-Equivariant Geometric Reasoning for Precise Placement Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.13478/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [Rethinking Entropy Interventions in RLVR: An Entropy Change Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.10150/) (2025)
- [Logical Phase Transitions: Understanding Collapse in LLM Logical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.02902/) (2026)
- [RewardMap: Tackling Sparse Rewards in Fine-grained Visual Reasoning via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.02240/) (2025)
- [ConeSep: Cone-based Robust Noise-Unlearning Compositional Network for Composed Image Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.20358/) (2026)
- [TEMA: Anchor the Image, Follow the Text for Multi-Modification Composed Image Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21806/) (2026)
- [Understanding LLM Reasoning for Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.03503/) (2025)
- [Neural Chain-of-Thought Search: Searching the Optimal Reasoning Path to Enhance Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.11340/) (2026)
- [Reason in Chains, Learn in Trees: Self-Rectification and Grafting for Multi-turn Agent Policy Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.07165/) (2026)
- [Rethinking Layer-Wise Information Allocation for Vision Foundation Model Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.21973/) (2026)
- [From log π to π: Taming Divergence in Soft Clipping via Bilateral Decoupled Decay of Probability Gradient Weight](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.14389/) (2026)
- [HeaRT: A Hierarchical Circuit Reasoning Tree-Based Agentic Framework for AMS Design Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19669/) (2025)
- [PERM: Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.10532/) (2026)
- [Seeing Further and Wider: Joint Spatio-Temporal Enlargement for Micro-Video Popularity Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.20311/) (2026)
- [Large Language Model as Token Compressor and Decompressor](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.25340/) (2026)
- [Sparse Growing Transformer: Training-Time Sparse Depth Allocation via Progressive Attention Looping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.23998/) (2026)
- [STRIDE-ED: A Strategy-Grounded Stepwise Reasoning Framework for Empathetic Dialogue Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.07100/) (2026)
- [HotComment: A Benchmark for Evaluating Popularity of Online Comments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.25614/) (2026)
- [CurEvo: Curriculum-Guided Self-Evolution for Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.26707/) (2026)
- [Towards Disentangled Preference Optimization Dynamics: Suppress the Loser, Preserve the Winner](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.18239/) (2026)
- [MIND Your Reasoning: A Meta-Cognitive Intuitive-Reflective Network for Dual-Reasoning in Multimodal Stance Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.06057/) (2025)
- [OmniTrend: Content-Context Modeling for Scalable Social Popularity Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.26252/) (2026)
- [IMAGINE: Adaptive Schema-Imagery Enhanced Composition for Composed Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.08144/) (2026)
- [Semiotic logical hexagon theory for LLM logical reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.21933/) (2026)
- [Surfacing the Unsaid: CUE-Bench for Affective Stance in Chinese Discourse](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.10810/) (2026)
- [ReContraster: Making Your Posters Stand Out with Regional Contrast](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.10442/) (2026)
- [From Topology to Trajectory: LLM-Driven World Models For Supply Chain Resilience](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.11041/) (2026)
- [GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.26353/) (2026)
- [Customer-Agent: Overcoming Context Limitations in Ultra-Long Shopping Trajectories via Tool-Augmented Agents and RLVR](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.07995/) (2026)
- [BV-Blend: Uncertainty-Weighted Historical Baselines for Stable Critic-Free RL with Verifiable Rewards](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.28707/) (2026)
- [Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.24082/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Logical reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models. However, existing studies often overlook the interaction between logical complexity and semantic complexity, leading to systems that struggle with abstract propositions, ambiguous contexts, and conflicting stances that are central to human reasoning. We propose LogicAgent, a semiotic-square-guided framework that jointly addresses these two axes of difficulty. The semiotic square provides a principled structure for multi-perspective semantic analysis, and LogicAgent integrates automated deduction with reflective verification to manage logical complexity across deeper reasoning chains. To support evaluation under these conditions, we introduce RepublicQA, a benchmark that couples semantic complexity with logical depth. RepublicQA reaches college-level semantic difficulty (FKGL 11.94), contains philosophically grounded abstract propositions with systematically constructed contrary and contradictory forms, and offers a semantically rich setting for assessing logical reasoning in large language models. Experiments show that LogicAgent achieves state-of-the-art performance on RepublicQA with a 6.25 percent average improvement over strong baselines, and generalizes effectively to mainstream logical reasoning benchmarks including ProntoQA, ProofWriter, FOLIO, and ProverQA, achieving an additional 7.05 percent average gain. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of semiotic-grounded multi-perspective reasoning in enhancing logical performance. Code is available at https://github.com/AI4SS/Logic-Agent.