# Multi-Level Heterogeneous Knowledge Transfer Network on Forward Scattering Center Model for Limited Samples SAR ATR

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23596 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.23596/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Going Deeper with Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4842/) (2014)
- [Learning Transferable Features with Deep Adaptation Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.02791/) (2015)
- [Deep CORAL: Correlation Alignment for Deep Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.01719/) (2016)
- [Deep Variational Information Bottleneck](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.00410/) (2016)
- [Deep Visual Domain Adaptation: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.03601/) (2018)
- [Central Moment Discrepancy (CMD) for Domain-Invariant Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.08811/) (2017)
- [Generalization and Equilibrium in Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.00573/) (2017)
- [Domain-Adversarial Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.4446/) (2014)
- [Simultaneous Semantic Alignment Network for Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.01677/) (2020)
- [Multi-Representation Adaptation Network for Cross-domain Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.01002/) (2022)
- [Cross-Domain Structure Preserving Projection for Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12427/) (2020)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Simulated data-assisted SAR target recognition methods are the research hotspot currently, devoted to solving the problem of limited samples. Existing works revolve around simulated images, but the large amount of irrelevant information embedded in the images, such as background, noise, etc., seriously affects the quality of the migrated information. Our work explores a new simulated data to migrate purer and key target knowledge, i.e., forward scattering center model (FSCM) which models the actual local structure of the target with strong physical meaning and interpretability. To achieve this purpose, multi-level heterogeneous knowledge transfer (MHKT) network is proposed, which fully migrates FSCM knowledge from the feature, distribution and category levels, respectively. Specifically, we permit the more suitable feature representations for the heterogeneous data and separate non-informative knowledge by task-associated information selector (TAIS), to complete purer target feature migration. In the distribution alignment, the new metric function maximum discrimination divergence (MDD) in target generic knowledge transfer (TGKT) module perceives transferable knowledge efficiently while preserving discriminative structure about classes. Moreover, category relation knowledge transfer (CRKT) module leverages the category relation consistency constraint to break the dilemma of optimization bias towards simulation data due to imbalance between simulated and measured data. Such stepwise knowledge selection and migration will ensure the integrity of the migrated FSCM knowledge. Notably, extensive experiments on two new datasets formed by FSCM data and measured SAR images demonstrate the superior performance of our method.