# Markov Modeling for Licensed and Unlicensed Band Allocation in Underlay and Overlay D2D

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23218 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.23218/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Fairness-Guided DQN-Based TXOP Control for NR-U/Wi-Fi Coexistence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.00457/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, a novel analytical model for resource allocation is proposed for a device-to-device (D2D) assisted cellular network. The proposed model can be applied to underlay and overlay D2D systems for sharing licensed bands and offloading cellular traffic. The developed model also takes into account the problem of unlicensed band sharing with Wi-Fi systems. In the proposed model, a global system state reflects the interaction among D2D, conventional cellular, and Wi-Fi packets. Under the standard traffic model assumptions, a threshold-based flow control is proposed for guaranteeing the quality-of-service (QoS) of Wi-Fi. The packet blockage probability is then derived. Simulation results show the proposed scheme sacrifices conventional cellular performance slightly to improve overlay D2D performance significantly while maintaining the performance for Wi-Fi users. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme has more flexible adjustments between D2D and Wi-Fi than the underlay scheme.