# Towards Adapting Federated & Quantum Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection: A Survey

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21389 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.21389/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 56 of its 195 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 56)

- [Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04977/) (2019)
- [Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06127/) (2018)
- [On the Convergence of FedAvg on Non-IID Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.02189/) (2019)
- [BadNets: Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Machine Learning Model Supply Chain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.06733/) (2017)
- [Deep Leakage from Gradients](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.08935/) (2019)
- [Towards Federated Learning at Scale: System Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.01046/) (2019)
- [LEAF: A Benchmark for Federated Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01097/) (2018)
- [Byzantine-Robust Distributed Learning: Towards Optimal Statistical Rates](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.01498/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning on Non-IID Data Silos: An Experimental Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.02079/) (2021)
- [Poison Frogs! Targeted Clean-Label Poisoning Attacks on Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.00792/) (2018)
- [Flower: A Friendly Federated Learning Research Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.14390/) (2020)
- [A Survey on Federated Learning Systems: Vision, Hype and Reality for Data Privacy and Protection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.09693/) (2019)
- [Client Selection for Federated Learning with Heterogeneous Resources in Mobile Edge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.08333/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning on Non-IID Data: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06843/) (2021)
- [ZeroQ: A Novel Zero Shot Quantization Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.00281/) (2020)
- [Federated Learning for Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07914/) (2021)
- [Federated learning with hierarchical clustering of local updates to improve training on non-IID data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11791/) (2020)
- [FedKD: Communication Efficient Federated Learning via Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.13323/) (2021)
- [Federated Learning for Smart Healthcare: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.08834/) (2021)
- [FedHealth: A Federated Transfer Learning Framework for Wearable Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.09173/) (2019)
- [Threats to Federated Learning: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.02133/) (2020)
- [Variational Quantum Circuits for Deep Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.00397/) (2019)
- [FedScale: Benchmarking Model and System Performance of Federated Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.11367/) (2021)
- [Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00566/) (2023)
- [Vertical Federated Learning: Concepts, Advances and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12814/) (2022)
- [Towards the Development of Realistic Botnet Dataset in the Internet of Things for Network Forensic Analytics: Bot-IoT Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00701/) (2018)
- [Decentralized Federated Learning: A Survey and Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.01603/) (2023)
- [TensorFlow Quantum: A Software Framework for Quantum Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.02989/) (2020)
- [IBM Federated Learning: an Enterprise Framework White Paper V0.1](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.10987/) (2020)
- [Zero-shot Adversarial Quantization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15263/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Modeling Wavelet Transformed Quantum Support Vector for Network Intrusion Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.01365/) (2025)
- [Modeling Quantum Federated Autoencoder for Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.22366/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This survey explores the integration of Federated Learning (FL) with Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS), with particular emphasis on deep learning and quantum machine learning approaches. FL enables collaborative model training across distributed devices while preserving data privacy-a critical requirement in network security contexts where sensitive traffic data cannot be centralized. Our comprehensive analysis systematically examines the full spectrum of FL architectures, deployment strategies, communication protocols, and aggregation methods specifically tailored for intrusion detection. We provide an in-depth investigation of privacy-preserving techniques, model compression approaches, and attack-specific federated solutions for threats including DDoS, MITM, and botnet attacks. The survey further delivers a pioneering exploration of Quantum FL (QFL), discussing quantum feature encoding, quantum machine learning algorithms, and quantum-specific aggregation methods that promise exponential speedups for complex pattern recognition in network traffic. Through rigorous comparative analysis of classical and quantum approaches, identification of research gaps, and evaluation of real-world deployments, we outline a concrete roadmap for industrial adoption and future research directions. This work serves as an authoritative reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance privacy, efficiency, and robustness of federated intrusion detection systems in increasingly complex network environments, while preparing for the quantum-enhanced cybersecurity landscape of tomorrow.