# Controlled Yet Natural: A Hybrid BDI-LLM Conversational Agent for Child Helpline Training

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16784 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.16784/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Medical and scientific domain agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 6 of its 52 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2025.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Medical and scientific domain agents](https://mlsanity.com/agents/medical-and-scientific-domain-agents/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.03109/) (2023)
- [A Peek into Token Bias: Large Language Models Are Not Yet Genuine Reasoners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.11050/) (2024)
- [You don't need a personality test to know these models are unreliable: Assessing the Reliability of Large Language Models on Psychometric Instruments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.09718/) (2023)
- [LLMs Are Biased Towards Output Formats! Systematically Evaluating and Mitigating Output Format Bias of LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.08656/) (2024)
- [Virtual Agents for Alcohol Use Counseling: Exploring LLM-Powered Motivational Interviewing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08095/) (2024)
- [Multi-Level Feedback Generation with Large Language Models for Empowering Novice Peer Counselors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15482/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Child helpline training often relies on human-led roleplay, which is both time- and resource-consuming. To address this, rule-based interactive agent simulations have been proposed to provide a structured training experience for new counsellors. However, these agents might suffer from limited language understanding and response variety. To overcome these limitations, we present a hybrid interactive agent that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) into a rule-based Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) framework, simulating more realistic virtual child chat conversations. This hybrid solution incorporates LLMs into three components: intent recognition, response generation, and a bypass mechanism. We evaluated the system through two studies: a script-based assessment comparing LLM-generated responses to human-crafted responses, and a within-subject experiment (N=37) comparing the LLM-integrated agent with a rule-based version. The first study provided evidence that the three LLM components were non-inferior to human-crafted responses. In the second study, we found credible support for two hypotheses: participants perceived the LLM-integrated agent as more believable and reported more positive attitudes toward it than the rule-based agent. Additionally, although weaker, there was some support for increased engagement (posterior probability = 0.845, 95% HDI [-0.149, 0.465]). Our findings demonstrate the potential of integrating LLMs into rule-based systems, offering a promising direction for more flexible but controlled training systems.