# GK-SMOTE: A Hyperparameter-free Noise-Resilient Gaussian KDE-Based Oversampling Approach

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11163 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11163/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 17 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 14 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [A Survey of Imbalanced Learning on Graphs: Problems, Techniques, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13821/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Beyond Imbalance Ratio: Data Characteristics as Critical Moderators of Oversampling Method Selection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04541/) (2026)
- [TRUST-ESD: A Risk-Calibrated and Governance-Aware AI Framework for Enterprise Strategic Decision Support Under Uncertainty](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.20065/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Imbalanced classification is a significant challenge in machine learning, especially in critical applications like medical diagnosis, fraud detection, and cybersecurity. Traditional oversampling techniques, such as SMOTE, often fail to handle label noise and complex data distributions, leading to reduced classification accuracy. In this paper, we propose GK-SMOTE, a hyperparameter-free, noise-resilient extension of SMOTE, built on Gaussian Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). GK-SMOTE enhances class separability by generating synthetic samples in high-density minority regions, while effectively avoiding noisy or ambiguous areas. This self-adaptive approach uses Gaussian KDE to differentiate between safe and noisy regions, ensuring more accurate sample generation without requiring extensive parameter tuning. Our extensive experiments on diverse binary classification datasets demonstrate that GK-SMOTE outperforms existing state-of-the-art oversampling techniques across key evaluation metrics, including MCC, Balanced Accuracy, and AUPRC. The proposed method offers a robust, efficient solution for imbalanced classification tasks, especially in noisy data environments, making it an attractive choice for real-world applications.