# One Model, Two Minds: A Context-Gated Graph Learner that Recreates Human Biases

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08705 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.08705/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 21 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.03400/) (2017)
- [Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.01261/) (2018)
- [On First-Order Meta-Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.02999/) (2018)
- [Machine Theory of Mind](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.07740/) (2018)
- [Evaluating Large Language Models in Theory of Mind Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.02083/) (2023)
- [Recasting Gradient-Based Meta-Learning as Hierarchical Bayes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.08930/) (2018)
- [Deep Reinforcement Learning and its Neuroscientific Implications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.03750/) (2020)
- [Machine Theory of Mind for Autonomous Cyber-Defence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.04367/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce a novel Theory of Mind (ToM) framework inspired by dual-process theories from cognitive science, integrating a fast, habitual graph-based reasoning system (System 1), implemented via graph convolutional networks (GCNs), and a slower, context-sensitive meta-adaptive learning system (System 2), driven by meta-learning techniques. Our model dynamically balances intuitive and deliberative reasoning through a learned context gate mechanism. We validate our architecture on canonical false-belief tasks and systematically explore its capacity to replicate hallmark cognitive biases associated with dual-process theory, including anchoring, cognitive-load fatigue, framing effects, and priming effects. Experimental results demonstrate that our dual-process approach closely mirrors human adaptive behavior, achieves robust generalization to unseen contexts, and elucidates cognitive mechanisms underlying reasoning biases. This work bridges artificial intelligence and cognitive theory, paving the way for AI systems exhibiting nuanced, human-like social cognition and adaptive decision-making capabilities.