# Using LLMs for Multilingual Clinical Entity Linking to ICD-10

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04868 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.04868/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 18 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Exploring LLM Multi-Agents for ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.15363/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The linking of clinical entities is a crucial part of extracting structured information from clinical texts. It is the process of assigning a code from a medical ontology or classification to a phrase in the text. The International Classification of Diseases - 10th revision (ICD-10) is an international standard for classifying diseases for statistical and insurance purposes. Automatically assigning the correct ICD-10 code to terms in discharge summaries will simplify the work of healthcare professionals and ensure consistent coding in hospitals. Our paper proposes an approach for linking clinical terms to ICD-10 codes in different languages using Large Language Models (LLMs). The approach consists of a multistage pipeline that uses clinical dictionaries to match unambiguous terms in the text and then applies in-context learning with GPT-4.1 to predict the ICD-10 code for the terms that do not match the dictionary. Our system shows promising results in predicting ICD-10 codes on different benchmark datasets in Spanish - 0.89 F1 for categories and 0.78 F1 on subcategories on CodiEsp, and Greek - 0.85 F1 on ElCardioCC.