# Efficient Odd-One-Out Anomaly Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04326 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.04326/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 35 of its 48 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Sep 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 35)

- [DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07193/) (2023)
- [Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1311.2524/) (2013)
- [Towards Total Recall in Industrial Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.08265/) (2021)
- [DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06922/) (2021)
- [PaDiM: a Patch Distribution Modeling Framework for Anomaly Detection and Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.08785/) (2020)
- [CutPaste: Self-Supervised Learning for Anomaly Detection and Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04015/) (2021)
- [Uninformed Students: Student-Teacher Anomaly Detection with Discriminative Latent Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02357/) (2019)
- [ABC: A Big CAD Model Dataset For Geometric Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.06216/) (2018)
- [WinCLIP: Zero-/Few-Shot Anomaly Classification and Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14814/) (2023)
- [Multiresolution Knowledge Distillation for Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.11108/) (2020)
- [SimpleNet: A Simple Network for Image Anomaly Detection and Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15140/) (2023)
- [NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Video](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00681/) (2021)
- [Atlas: End-to-End 3D Scene Reconstruction from Posed Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.10432/) (2020)
- [The MVTec 3D-AD Dataset for Unsupervised 3D Anomaly Detection and Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.09045/) (2021)
- [Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.08636/) (2024)
- [AnomalyGPT: Detecting Industrial Anomalies Using Large Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.15366/) (2023)
- [ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01178/) (2021)
- [SegmentMeIfYouCan: A Benchmark for Anomaly Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14812/) (2021)
- [Real-IAD: A Real-World Multi-View Dataset for Benchmarking Versatile Industrial Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.12580/) (2024)
- [Registration based Few-Shot Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.07361/) (2022)
- [Using Shape to Categorize: Low-Shot Learning with an Explicit Shape Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.07296/) (2021)
- [Catching Both Gray and Black Swans: Open-set Supervised Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14506/) (2022)
- [Inpainting Transformer for Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.13897/) (2021)
- [Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.07974/) (2022)
- [Real3D-AD: A Dataset of Point Cloud Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.13226/) (2023)
- [Pushing the Limits of Fewshot Anomaly Detection in Industry Vision: Graphcore](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12082/) (2023)
- [Towards Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection and Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07601/) (2025)
- [Detecting semantic anomalies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.04388/) (2019)
- [Cheating Depth: Enhancing 3D Surface Anomaly Detection via Depth Simulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.01117/) (2023)
- [GeneralAD: Anomaly Detection Across Domains by Attending to Distorted Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.12427/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Vision-Zero: Scalable VLM Self-Improvement via Strategic Gamified Self-Play](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.25541/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The recently introduced odd-one-out anomaly detection task involves identifying the odd-looking instances within a multi-object scene. This problem presents several challenges for modern deep learning models, demanding spatial reasoning across multiple views and relational reasoning to understand context and generalize across varying object categories and layouts. We argue that these challenges must be addressed with efficiency in mind. To this end, we propose a DINO-based model that reduces the number of parameters by one third and shortens training time by a factor of three compared to the current state-of-the-art, while maintaining competitive performance. Our experimental evaluation also introduces a Multimodal Large Language Model baseline, providing insights into its current limitations in structured visual reasoning tasks. The project page can be found at https://silviochito.github.io/EfficientOddOneOut/