# Segmentation Assisted Incremental Test Time Adaptation in an Open World

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.20029 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.20029/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 27 of its 36 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Aug 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [Learning without Forgetting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.09282/) (2016)
- [A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02136/) (2016)
- [iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.07725/) (2016)
- [The Many Faces of Robustness: A Critical Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.16241/) (2020)
- [Natural Adversarial Examples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.07174/) (2019)
- [Moment Matching for Multi-Source Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01754/) (2018)
- [Extract Free Dense Labels from CLIP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01071/) (2021)
- [Continual Test-Time Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13591/) (2022)
- [Improving robustness against common corruptions by covariate shift adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.16971/) (2020)
- [Test-Time Prompt Tuning for Zero-Shot Generalization in Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.07511/) (2022)
- [MOS: Towards Scaling Out-of-distribution Detection for Large Semantic Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01879/) (2021)
- [Efficient Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.18293/) (2024)
- [CLIPN for Zero-Shot OOD Detection: Teaching CLIP to Say No](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.12213/) (2023)
- [Non-Parametric Outlier Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.02966/) (2023)
- [Robust Mean Teacher for Continual and Gradual Test-Time Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.13081/) (2022)
- [CLIP-DINOiser: Teaching CLIP a few DINO tricks for open-vocabulary semantic segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.12359/) (2023)
- [Active Domain Adaptation via Clustering Uncertainty-weighted Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08666/) (2020)
- [Universal Test-time Adaptation through Weight Ensembling, Diversity Weighting, and Prior Correction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.00650/) (2023)
- [Active Learning for Domain Adaptation: An Energy-Based Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01406/) (2021)
- [Learning with Mixture of Prototypes for Out-of-Distribution Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.02653/) (2024)
- [Towards Open-Set Test-Time Adaptation Utilizing the Wisdom of Crowds in Entropy Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.06879/) (2023)
- [Dual Prototype Evolving for Test-Time Generalization of Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.12790/) (2024)
- [On the Robustness of Open-World Test-Time Training: Self-Training with Dynamic Prototype Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.09942/) (2023)
- [Active Test-Time Adaptation: Theoretical Analyses and An Algorithm](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.05094/) (2024)
- [Efficient Open Set Single Image Test Time Adaptation of Vision Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.00481/) (2024)
- [pSTarC: Pseudo Source Guided Target Clustering for Fully Test-Time Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.00846/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In dynamic environments, unfamiliar objects and distribution shifts are often encountered, which challenge the generalization abilities of the deployed trained models. This work addresses Incremental Test Time Adaptation of Vision Language Models, tackling scenarios where unseen classes and unseen domains continuously appear during testing. Unlike traditional Test Time Adaptation approaches, where the test stream comes only from a predefined set of classes, our framework allows models to adapt simultaneously to both covariate and label shifts, actively incorporating new classes as they emerge. Towards this goal, we establish a new benchmark for ITTA, integrating single image TTA methods for VLMs with active labeling techniques that query an oracle for samples potentially representing unseen classes during test time. We propose a segmentation assisted active labeling module, termed SegAssist, which is training free and repurposes the segmentation capabilities of VLMs to refine active sample selection, prioritizing samples likely to belong to unseen classes. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the potential of SegAssist to enhance the performance of VLMs in real world scenarios, where continuous adaptation to emerging data is essential. Project-page:https://manogna-s.github.io/segassist/