# BetaWeb: Towards a Blockchain-enabled Trustworthy Agentic Web

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.13787 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.13787/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 51 of its 118 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Aug 2025.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Agent threats, guardrails and governance](https://mlsanity.com/agents/agent-threats-guardrails-and-governance/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 51)

- [A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11432/) (2023)
- [Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01680/) (2024)
- [RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.20073/) (2025)
- [Scaling Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07155/) (2024)
- [Agent-as-a-Judge: Evaluate Agents with Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10934/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model Agent: A Survey on Methodology, Applications and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.21460/) (2025)
- [SkillWeaver: Web Agents can Self-Improve by Discovering and Honing Skills](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07079/) (2025)
- [A Comprehensive Survey of Self-Evolving AI Agents: A New Paradigm Bridging Foundation Models and Lifelong Agentic Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.07407/) (2025)
- [AI Agents vs. Agentic AI: A Conceptual Taxonomy, Applications and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.10468/) (2025)
- [The Landscape of Emerging AI Agent Architectures for Reasoning, Planning, and Tool Calling: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.11584/) (2024)
- [AI Agents Under Threat: A Survey of Key Security Challenges and Future Pathways](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.02630/) (2024)
- [LLM Multi-Agent Systems: Challenges and Open Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.03578/) (2024)
- [WebPilot: A Versatile and Autonomous Multi-Agent System for Web Task Execution with Strategic Exploration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.15978/) (2024)
- [When Foundation Model Meets Federated Learning: Motivations, Challenges, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.15546/) (2023)
- [Benchmark Self-Evolving: A Multi-Agent Framework for Dynamic LLM Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11443/) (2024)
- [Open Challenges in Multi-Agent Security: Towards Secure Systems of Interacting AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.02077/) (2025)
- [TRiSM for Agentic AI: A Review of Trust, Risk, and Security Management in LLM-based Agentic Multi-Agent Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.04133/) (2025)
- [Large Language Model Enhanced Multi-Agent Systems for 6G Communications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07850/) (2023)
- [Agentic Web: Weaving the Next Web with AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.21206/) (2025)
- [Transitioning to human interaction with AI systems: New challenges and opportunities for HCI professionals to enable human-centered AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.05424/) (2021)
- [Securing Agentic AI: A Comprehensive Threat Model and Mitigation Framework for Generative AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.19956/) (2025)
- [Internet of Agents: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.07176/) (2025)
- [Single-agent or Multi-agent Systems? Why Not Both?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18286/) (2025)
- [S-Agents: Self-organizing Agents in Open-ended Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04578/) (2024)
- [LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems: Techniques and Business Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14033/) (2024)
- [Human-Artificial Interaction in the Age of Agentic AI: A System-Theoretical Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.14000/) (2025)
- [AI Agents: Evolution, Architecture, and Real-World Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.12687/) (2025)
- [Very Large-Scale Multi-Agent Simulation in AgentScope](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.17789/) (2024)
- [Agent Exchange: Shaping the Future of AI Agent Economics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.03904/) (2025)
- [BlockA2A: Towards Secure and Verifiable Agent-to-Agent Interoperability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.01332/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Holos: A Web-Scale LLM-Based Multi-Agent System for the Agentic Web](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.02334/) (2026)
- [Dissociative Identity: Language Model Agents Lack Grounding for Reputation Mechanisms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.30169/) (2026)
- [Blockchain Empowered Trustworthy Agent Networks: Foundations, Taxonomy, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.04626/) (2026)
- [Distributed Legal Infrastructure for a Trustworthy Agentic Web](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.06884/) (2026)
- [Internal APIs Are All You Need: Shadow APIs, Shared Discovery, and the Case Against Browser-First Agent Architectures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.00694/) (2026)
- [SW-A2-Bench: Benchmarking Autonomous Software Agent Generation for Agentic Web](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04226/) (2026)
- [Clarus: Coordinating Autonomous Research Agents toward Web-Scale Scientific Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.30246/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has significantly propelled the development of artificial intelligence (AI) agents, which are increasingly evolving into diverse autonomous entities, advancing the LLM-based multi-agent systems (LaMAS). However, current agentic ecosystems remain fragmented and closed. Establishing an interconnected and scalable paradigm for Agentic AI has become a critical prerequisite. Although Agentic Web proposes an open architecture to break the ecosystem barriers, its implementation still faces core challenges such as privacy protection, data management, and value measurement. Existing centralized or semi-centralized paradigms suffer from inherent limitations, making them inadequate for supporting large-scale, heterogeneous, and cross-domain autonomous interactions. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the blockchain-enabled trustworthy Agentic Web (BetaWeb). By leveraging the inherent strengths of blockchain, BetaWeb not only offers a trustworthy and scalable infrastructure for LaMAS but also has the potential to advance the Web paradigm from Web3 (centered on data ownership) towards Web3.5, which emphasizes ownership of agent capabilities and the monetization of intelligence. Beyond a systematic examination of the BetaWeb framework, this paper presents a five-stage evolutionary roadmap, outlining the path of LaMAS from passive execution to advanced collaboration and autonomous governance. We also conduct a comparative analysis of existing products and discuss key challenges of BetaWeb from multiple perspectives. Ultimately, we argue that deep integration between blockchain and LaMAS can lay the foundation for a resilient, trustworthy, and sustainably incentivized digital ecosystem. A summary of the enabling technologies for each stage is available at https://github.com/MatZaharia/BetaWeb.