# Hand by Hand: LLM Driving EMS Assistant for Operational Skill Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06000 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.06000/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 39 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 8 Aug 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.11401/) (2020)
- [RAFT: Adapting Language Model to Domain Specific RAG](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.10131/) (2024)
- [ChatSpot: Bootstrapping Multimodal LLMs via Precise Referring Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09474/) (2023)
- [Towards Proactive Interactions for In-Vehicle Conversational Assistants Utilizing Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09135/) (2024)
- [Virtual Co-Pilot: Multimodal Large Language Model-enabled Quick-access Procedures for Single Pilot Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.16645/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Operational skill learning, inherently physical and reliant on hands-on practice and kinesthetic feedback, has yet to be effectively replicated in large language model (LLM)-supported training. Current LLM training assistants primarily generate customized textual feedback, neglecting the crucial kinesthetic modality. This gap derives from the textual and uncertain nature of LLMs, compounded by concerns on user acceptance of LLM driven body control. To bridge this gap and realize the potential of collaborative human-LLM action, this work explores human experience of LLM driven kinesthetic assistance. Specifically, we introduced an "Align-Analyze-Adjust" strategy and developed FlightAxis, a tool that integrates LLM with Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) for flight skill acquisition, a representative operational skill domain. FlightAxis learns flight skills from manuals and guides forearm movements during simulated flight tasks. Our results demonstrate high user acceptance of LLM-mediated body control and significantly reduced task completion times. Crucially, trainees reported that this kinesthetic assistance enhanced their awareness of operation flaws and fostered increased engagement in the training process, rather than relieving perceived load. This work demonstrated the potential of kinesthetic LLM training in operational skill acquisition.