# R2GenKG: Hierarchical Multi-modal Knowledge Graph for LLM-based Radiology Report Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.03426 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.03426/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 43 of its 58 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 5 Aug 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 43)

- [PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.01703/) (2019)
- [Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09288/) (2023)
- [Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.14030/) (2021)
- [Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.02907/) (2016)
- [Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10903/) (2017)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12948/) (2025)
- [BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12597/) (2023)
- [GPT-4o System Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21276/) (2024)
- [CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.5726/) (2014)
- [Modeling Relational Data with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06103/) (2017)
- [Publicly Available Clinical BERT Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03323/) (2019)
- [CrossViT: Cross-Attention Multi-Scale Vision Transformer for Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.14899/) (2021)
- [Generating Radiology Reports via Memory-driven Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.16056/) (2020)
- [RadGraph: Extracting Clinical Entities and Relations from Radiology Reports](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.14463/) (2021)
- [On the Automatic Generation of Medical Imaging Reports](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.08195/) (2017)
- [Cross-modal Memory Networks for Radiology Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13258/) (2022)
- [Exploring and Distilling Posterior and Prior Knowledge for Radiology Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06963/) (2021)
- [Large-scale Multi-Modal Pre-trained Models: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.10035/) (2023)
- [When Radiology Report Generation Meets Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.08277/) (2020)
- [Dynamic Graph Enhanced Contrastive Learning for Chest X-ray Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.10323/) (2023)
- [R2GenGPT: Radiology Report Generation with Frozen LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.09812/) (2023)
- [CheXpert Plus: Augmenting a Large Chest X-ray Dataset with Text Radiology Reports, Patient Demographics and Additional Image Formats](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19538/) (2024)
- [METransformer: Radiology Report Generation by Transformer with Multiple Learnable Expert Tokens](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.02211/) (2023)
- [PromptMRG: Diagnosis-Driven Prompts for Medical Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.12604/) (2023)
- [Competence-based Multimodal Curriculum Learning for Medical Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.14579/) (2022)
- [Contrastive Attention for Automatic Chest X-ray Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06965/) (2021)
- [AlignTransformer: Hierarchical Alignment of Visual Regions and Disease Tags for Medical Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.10095/) (2022)
- [Cross-modal Prototype Driven Network for Radiology Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.04818/) (2022)
- [Auto-Encoding Knowledge Graph for Unsupervised Medical Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.04318/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [SAM Guided Semantic and Motion Changed Region Mining for Remote Sensing Change Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.21420/) (2025)
- [CogRad: A Cognitively-Inspired Multi-Agent Framework for Radiology Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.03853/) (2026)
- [GTA-Net: Cooperative Game Theory for Vision-Language Alignment in Chest X-Ray Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.21915/) (2026)
- [Large Language Model-Assisted Preparation of Transportation Management Plans: A Case Study with WisDOT WisTMP System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.10650/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

X-ray medical report generation is one of the important applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare. With the support of large foundation models, the quality of medical report generation has significantly improved. However, challenges such as hallucination and weak disease diagnostic capability still persist. In this paper, we first construct a large-scale multi-modal medical knowledge graph (termed M3KG) based on the ground truth medical report using the GPT-4o. It contains 2477 entities, 3 kinds of relations, 37424 triples, and 6943 disease-aware vision tokens for the CheXpert Plus dataset. Then, we sample it to obtain multi-granularity semantic graphs and use an R-GCN encoder for feature extraction. For the input X-ray image, we adopt the Swin-Transformer to extract the vision features and interact with the knowledge using cross-attention. The vision tokens are fed into a Q-former and retrieved the disease-aware vision tokens using another cross-attention. Finally, we adopt the large language model to map the semantic knowledge graph, input X-ray image, and disease-aware vision tokens into language descriptions. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets fully validated the effectiveness of our proposed knowledge graph and X-ray report generation framework. The source code of this paper will be released on https://github.com/Event-AHU/Medical_Image_Analysis.