# Frame-level Temporal Difference Learning for Partial Deepfake Speech Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15101 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.15101/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 20 Jul 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [TRACE: Training-Free Partial Audio Deepfake Detection via Embedding Trajectory Analysis of Speech Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.01083/) (2026)
- [Deepfake Word Detection by Next-token Prediction using Fine-tuned Whisper](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.22658/) (2026)
- [Teffic-Audio: Tell Fact from Fiction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.28351/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Detecting partial deepfake speech is essential due to its potential for subtle misinformation. However, existing methods depend on costly frame-level annotations during training, limiting real-world scalability. Also, they focus on detecting transition artifacts between bonafide and deepfake segments. As deepfake generation techniques increasingly smooth these transitions, detection has become more challenging. To address this, our work introduces a new perspective by analyzing frame-level temporal differences and reveals that deepfake speech exhibits erratic directional changes and unnatural local transitions compared to bonafide speech. Based on this finding, we propose a Temporal Difference Attention Module (TDAM) that redefines partial deepfake detection as identifying unnatural temporal variations, without relying on explicit boundary annotations. A dual-level hierarchical difference representation captures temporal irregularities at both fine and coarse scales, while adaptive average pooling preserves essential patterns across variable-length inputs to minimize information loss. Our TDAM-AvgPool model achieves state-of-the-art performance, with an EER of 0.59% on the PartialSpoof dataset and 0.03% on the HAD dataset, which significantly outperforms the existing methods without requiring frame-level supervision.