# Blackbox Dataset Inference for LLM

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03619 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.03619/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [From Knowledge to Inference: Formalizing Specialized Public Health Reasoning on GlobalHealthAtlas](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.00491/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Today, the training of large language models (LLMs) can involve personally identifiable information and copyrighted material, incurring dataset misuse. To mitigate the problem of dataset misuse, this paper explores textitdataset inference, which aims to detect if a suspect model M used a victim dataset D in training. Previous research tackles dataset inference by aggregating results of membership inference attacks (MIAs) -- methods to determine whether individual samples are a part of the training dataset. However, restricted by the low accuracy of MIAs, previous research mandates grey-box access to M to get intermediate outputs (probabilities, loss, perplexity, etc.) for obtaining satisfactory results. This leads to reduced practicality, as LLMs, especially those deployed for profits, have limited incentives to return the intermediate outputs. In this paper, we propose a new method of dataset inference with only black-box access to the target model (i.e., assuming only the text-based responses of the target model are available). Our method is enabled by two sets of locally built reference models, one set involving D in training and the other not. By measuring which set of reference model M is closer to, we determine if M used D for training. Evaluations of real-world LLMs in the wild show that our method offers high accuracy in all settings and presents robustness against bypassing attempts.