# A Diffusion-Driven Temporal Super-Resolution and Spatial Consistency Enhancement Framework for 4D MRI imaging

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04116 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.04116/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11239/) (2020)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09748/) (2022)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [VoxelMorph: A Learning Framework for Deformable Medical Image Registration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.05231/) (2018)
- [An Unsupervised Learning Model for Deformable Medical Image Registration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.02604/) (2018)
- [State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07204/) (2023)
- [VDT: General-purpose Video Diffusion Transformers via Mask Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13311/) (2023)
- [LDMVFI: Video Frame Interpolation with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09508/) (2023)
- [Diffusion Deformable Model for 4D Temporal Medical Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.13295/) (2022)
- [Vivim: a Video Vision Mamba for Medical Video Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.14168/) (2024)
- [MedGen3D: A Deep Generative Framework for Paired 3D Image and Mask Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.04106/) (2023)
- [DIMENSION: Dynamic MR Imaging with Both K-space and Spatial Prior Knowledge Obtained via Multi-Supervised Network Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.00302/) (2018)
- [Data-Efficient Unsupervised Interpolation Without Any Intermediate Frame for 4D Medical Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.01464/) (2024)
- [Knowledge-driven deep learning for fast MR imaging: undersampled MR image reconstruction from supervised to un-supervised learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.02704/) (2024)
- [SelfCoLearn: Self-supervised collaborative learning for accelerating dynamic MR imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.03904/) (2022)
- [A Survey of Deep Learning Video Super-Resolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.03216/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging: Foundations, Progress, and Clinical Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.09177/) (2025)
- [Focus, Align, and Diffuse: Time-Series-Aware Keyframe Diffusion for Cardiac Dynamic Synthesis from Sparse Observations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.19050/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In medical imaging, 4D MRI enables dynamic 3D visualization, yet the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution requires prolonged scan time that can compromise temporal fidelity--especially during rapid, large-amplitude motion. Traditional approaches typically rely on registration-based interpolation to generate intermediate frames. However, these methods struggle with large deformations, resulting in misregistration, artifacts, and diminished spatial consistency. To address these challenges, we propose TSSC-Net, a novel framework that generates intermediate frames while preserving spatial consistency. To improve temporal fidelity under fast motion, our diffusion-based temporal super-resolution network generates intermediate frames using the start and end frames as key references, achieving 6x temporal super-resolution in a single inference step. Additionally, we introduce a novel tri-directional Mamba-based module that leverages long-range contextual information to effectively resolve spatial inconsistencies arising from cross-slice misalignment, thereby enhancing volumetric coherence and correcting cross-slice errors. Extensive experiments were performed on the public ACDC cardiac MRI dataset and a real-world dynamic 4D knee joint dataset. The results demonstrate that TSSC-Net can generate high-resolution dynamic MRI from fast-motion data while preserving structural fidelity and spatial consistency.