# Open-Set Living Need Prediction with Large Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02713 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.02713/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in World models for language agents, one of 11 directions in World models.
- Builds on 36 of its 61 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Jun 2025.

## Placed in

- World models / [World models for language agents](https://mlsanity.com/wm/world-models-for-language-agents/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 36)

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- [Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.11916/) (2022)
- [SGLang: Efficient Execution of Structured Language Model Programs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07104/) (2023)
- [LightGCN: Simplifying and Powering Graph Convolution Network for Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.02126/) (2020)
- [Open-vocabulary Object Detection via Vision and Language Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.13921/) (2021)
- [Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.07293/) (2019)
- [DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04247/) (2017)
- [Towards Open Set Deep Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.06233/) (2015)
- [Open-Vocabulary Object Detection Using Captions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.10678/) (2020)
- [Deep & Cross Network for Ad Click Predictions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.05123/) (2017)
- [xDeepFM: Combining Explicit and Implicit Feature Interactions for Recommender Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.05170/) (2018)
- [Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.11970/) (2023)
- [S3: Social-network Simulation System with Large Language Model-Empowered Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.14984/) (2023)
- [AgentSociety: Large-Scale Simulation of LLM-Driven Generative Agents Advances Understanding of Human Behaviors and Society](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.08691/) (2025)
- [EconAgent: Large Language Model-Empowered Agents for Simulating Macroeconomic Activities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.10436/) (2023)
- [ReLLa: Retrieval-enhanced Large Language Models for Lifelong Sequential Behavior Comprehension in Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11131/) (2023)
- [In-context Learning with Retrieved Demonstrations for Language Models: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.11624/) (2024)
- [Deep Open Intent Classification with Adaptive Decision Boundary](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.10209/) (2020)
- [Stance Detection with Collaborative Role-Infused LLM-Based Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.10467/) (2023)
- [GSLB: The Graph Structure Learning Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.05174/) (2023)
- [LLMRec: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Recommendation Task](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.12241/) (2023)
- [LP-OVOD: Open-Vocabulary Object Detection by Linear Probing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.17109/) (2023)
- [CityBench: Evaluating the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Urban Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.13945/) (2024)
- [EulerNet: Adaptive Feature Interaction Learning via Euler's Formula for CTR Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.10711/) (2023)
- [RL of Thoughts: Navigating LLM Reasoning with Inference-time Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.14140/) (2025)
- [HLM-Cite: Hybrid Language Model Workflow for Text-based Scientific Citation Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.09112/) (2024)
- [Open Set Recognition Through Deep Neural Network Uncertainty: Does Out-of-Distribution Detection Require Generative Classifiers?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.09625/) (2019)
- [A Survey on Human-Centric LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14491/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Living needs are the needs people generate in their daily lives for survival and well-being. On life service platforms like Meituan, user purchases are driven by living needs, making accurate living need predictions crucial for personalized service recommendations. Traditional approaches treat this prediction as a closed-set classification problem, severely limiting their ability to capture the diversity and complexity of living needs. In this work, we redefine living need prediction as an open-set classification problem and propose PIGEON, a novel system leveraging large language models (LLMs) for unrestricted need prediction. PIGEON first employs a behavior-aware record retriever to help LLMs understand user preferences, then incorporates Maslow's hierarchy of needs to align predictions with human living needs. For evaluation and application, we design a recall module based on a fine-tuned text embedding model that links flexible need descriptions to appropriate life services. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that PIGEON significantly outperforms closed-set approaches on need-based life service recall by an average of 19.37%. Human evaluation validates the reasonableness and specificity of our predictions. Additionally, we employ instruction tuning to enable smaller LLMs to achieve competitive performance, supporting practical deployment.