# Nine Ways to Break Copyright Law and Why Our LLM Won't: A Fair Use Aligned Generation Framework

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23788 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.23788/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Safety alignment and jailbreak attacks, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation.
- Builds on 7 of its 19 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 25 May 2025.

## Placed in

- LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation / [Safety alignment and jailbreak attacks](https://mlsanity.com/alignment/safety-alignment-and-jailbreak-attacks/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.18290/) (2023)
- [Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08361/) (2020)
- [On Provable Copyright Protection for Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.10870/) (2023)
- [Evaluating Copyright Takedown Methods for Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.18664/) (2024)
- [Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.02333/) (2024)
- [SHIELD: Evaluation and Defense Strategies for Copyright Compliance in LLM Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.12975/) (2024)
- [Language Models May Verbatim Complete Text They Were Not Explicitly Trained On](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.17514/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) commonly risk copyright infringement by reproducing protected content verbatim or with insufficient transformative modifications, posing significant ethical, legal, and practical concerns. Current inference-time safeguards predominantly rely on restrictive refusal-based filters, often compromising the practical utility of these models. To address this, we collaborated closely with intellectual property experts to develop FUA-LLM (Fair Use Aligned Language Models), a legally-grounded framework explicitly designed to align LLM outputs with fair-use doctrine. Central to our method is FairUseDB, a carefully constructed dataset containing 18,000 expert-validated examples covering nine realistic infringement scenarios. Leveraging this dataset, we apply Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to fine-tune open-source LLMs, encouraging them to produce legally compliant and practically useful alternatives rather than resorting to blunt refusal. Recognizing the shortcomings of traditional evaluation metrics, we propose new measures: Weighted Penalty Utility and Compliance Aware Harmonic Mean (CAH) to balance infringement risk against response utility. Extensive quantitative experiments coupled with expert evaluations confirm that FUA-LLM substantially reduces problematic outputs (up to 20%) compared to state-of-the-art approaches, while preserving real-world usability.