# STOPA: A Database of Systematic VariaTion Of DeePfake Audio for Open-Set Source Tracing and Attribution

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19644 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19644/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 25 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 May 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04356/) (2022)
- [WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.13900/) (2021)
- [HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.05646/) (2020)
- [Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.05884/) (2017)
- [WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.00713/) (2020)
- [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning for Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.13979/) (2020)
- [MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.06711/) (2019)
- [Parallel WaveGAN: A fast waveform generation model based on generative adversarial networks with multi-resolution spectrogram](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.11480/) (2019)
- [Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.11129/) (2020)
- [AASIST: Audio Anti-Spoofing using Integrated Spectro-Temporal Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.01200/) (2021)
- [FastPitch: Parallel Text-to-speech with Pitch Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.06873/) (2020)
- [Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Fast Maximum Likelihood Sampling Scheme](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13821/) (2021)
- [Unsupervised Speech Decomposition via Triple Information Bottleneck](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11284/) (2020)
- [SC-GlowTTS: an Efficient Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker Text-To-Speech Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.05557/) (2021)
- [MLAAD: The Multi-Language Audio Anti-Spoofing Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.09512/) (2024)
- [DiffGAN-TTS: High-Fidelity and Efficient Text-to-Speech with Denoising Diffusion GANs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11972/) (2022)
- [ASVspoof 5: Design, Collection and Validation of Resources for Spoofing, Deepfake, and Adversarial Attack Detection Using Crowdsourced Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.08857/) (2025)
- [TIMIT-TTS: a Text-to-Speech Dataset for Multimodal Synthetic Media Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.08000/) (2022)
- [Source Tracing of Audio Deepfake Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08016/) (2024)
- [An Initial Investigation for Detecting Vocoder Fingerprints of Fake Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.09646/) (2022)
- [Diffuse or Confuse: A Diffusion Deepfake Speech Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.06796/) (2024)
- [Distinguishing Neural Speech Synthesis Models Through Fingerprints in Speech Waveforms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06780/) (2023)
- [Generalized Source Tracing: Detecting Novel Audio Deepfake Algorithm with Real Emphasis and Fake Dispersion Strategy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.03240/) (2024)
- [Transformer-Based Speech Synthesizer Attribution in an Open Set Scenario](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.07546/) (2022)
- [An Explainable Probabilistic Attribute Embedding Approach for Spoofed Speech Characterization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.11027/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.10911/) (2026)
- [Open-Set Source Tracing as Compositional Factors via Structured Prototypes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.03134/) (2026)
- [Towards Reliable Audio Deepfake Attribution and Model Recognition: A Multi-Level Autoencoder-Based Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02521/) (2025)
- [LJ-Spoof: A Generatively Varied Corpus for Audio Anti-Spoofing and Synthesis Source Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.07958/) (2026)
- [SNAP: Speaker Nulling for Artifact Projection in Speech Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.20686/) (2026)
- [Clean Accuracy Does Not Guarantee Provenance Robustness: A Prospective Codec-Stress Evaluation of Audio Attribution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.07981/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

A key research area in deepfake speech detection is source tracing - determining the origin of synthesised utterances. The approaches may involve identifying the acoustic model (AM), vocoder model (VM), or other generation-specific parameters. However, progress is limited by the lack of a dedicated, systematically curated dataset. To address this, we introduce STOPA, a systematically varied and metadata-rich dataset for deepfake speech source tracing, covering 8 AMs, 6 VMs, and diverse parameter settings across 700k samples from 13 distinct synthesisers. Unlike existing datasets, which often feature limited variation or sparse metadata, STOPA provides a systematically controlled framework covering a broader range of generative factors, such as the choice of the vocoder model, acoustic model, or pretrained weights, ensuring higher attribution reliability. This control improves attribution accuracy, aiding forensic analysis, deepfake detection, and generative model transparency.