# Mind Your Vision: Multimodal Estimation of Refractive Disorders Using Electrooculography and Eye Tracking

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18538 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18538/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 53 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 May 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Pupil: An Open Source Platform for Pervasive Eye Tracking and Mobile Gaze-based Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.0006/) (2014)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Refractive errors are among the most common visual impairments globally, yet their diagnosis often relies on active user participation and clinical oversight. This study explores a passive method for estimating refractive power using two eye movement recording techniques: electrooculography (EOG) and video-based eye tracking. Using a publicly available dataset recorded under varying diopter conditions, we trained Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models to classify refractive power from unimodal (EOG or eye tracking) and multimodal configuration. We assess performance in both subject-dependent and subject-independent settings to evaluate model personalization and generalizability across individuals. Results show that the multimodal model consistently outperforms unimodal models, achieving the highest average accuracy in both settings: 96.207% in the subject-dependent scenario and 8.882% in the subject-independent scenario. However, generalization remains limited, with classification accuracy only marginally above chance in the subject-independent evaluations. Statistical comparisons in the subject-dependent setting confirmed that the multimodal model significantly outperformed the EOG and eye-tracking models. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the subject-independent setting. Our findings demonstrate both the potential and current limitations of eye movement data-based refractive error estimation, contributing to the development of continuous, non-invasive screening methods using EOG signals and eye-tracking data.