# BiCrossMamba-ST: Speech Deepfake Detection with Bidirectional Mamba Spectro-Temporal Cross-Attention

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13930 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.13930/

## Key facts

- Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Speech and audio SSMs, one of 10 directions in State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba).
- Builds on 22 of its 35 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 May 2025.

## Placed in

- State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba) / [Speech and audio SSMs](https://mlsanity.com/ssm/speech-and-audio-ssms/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.09417/) (2024)
- [SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.08063/) (2017)
- [An Empirical Study of Mamba-based Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07887/) (2024)
- [AASIST: Audio Anti-Spoofing using Integrated Spectro-Temporal Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.01200/) (2021)
- [End-to-end anti-spoofing with RawNet2](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.01108/) (2020)
- [ASVspoof 2021: accelerating progress in spoofed and deepfake speech detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00537/) (2021)
- [Graph-Mamba: Towards Long-Range Graph Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00789/) (2024)
- [ASVspoof 5: Crowdsourced Speech Data, Deepfakes, and Adversarial Attacks at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.08739/) (2024)
- [SiMBA: Simplified Mamba-Based Architecture for Vision and Multivariate Time series](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15360/) (2024)
- [End-to-End Spectro-Temporal Graph Attention Networks for Speaker Verification Anti-Spoofing and Speech Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12710/) (2021)
- [Mamba in Speech: Towards an Alternative to Self-Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12609/) (2024)
- [Audio Deepfake Detection: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.14970/) (2023)
- [Replay and Synthetic Speech Detection with Res2net Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.15006/) (2020)
- [RawBMamba: End-to-End Bidirectional State Space Model for Audio Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.06086/) (2024)
- [The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.14422/) (2023)
- [Tandem Assessment of Spoofing Countermeasures and Automatic Speaker Verification: Fundamentals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.05979/) (2020)
- [HM-Conformer: A Conformer-based audio deepfake detection system with hierarchical pooling and multi-level classification token aggregation methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.08208/) (2023)
- [Dual-Branch Knowledge Distillation for Noise-Robust Synthetic Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.08869/) (2023)
- [Voice Spoofing Countermeasures: Taxonomy, State-of-the-art, experimental analysis of generalizability, open challenges, and the way forward](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.00417/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [Speech DF Arena: A Leaderboard for Speech DeepFake Detection Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.02859/) (2025)
- [WaveSP-Net: Learnable Wavelet-Domain Sparse Prompt Tuning for Speech Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05305/) (2025)
- [Do Compact SSL Backbones Matter for Audio Deepfake Detection? A Controlled Study with RAPTOR](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.06164/) (2026)
- [XLSR-MamBo: Scaling the Hybrid Mamba-Attention Backbone for Audio Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.02944/) (2026)
- [Teffic-Audio: Tell Fact from Fiction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.28351/) (2026)
- [An overview of neural architectures for self-supervised audio representation learning from masked spectrograms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.18691/) (2025)
- [MambaX-Net: Dual-Input Mamba-Enhanced Cross-Attention Network for Longitudinal Prostate MRI Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.17529/) (2025)
- [HyperPotter: Spell the Charm of High-Order Interactions in Audio Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.05670/) (2026)
- [CRAF: Cross-View Residual-Aware Fusion for Deepfake Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.13842/) (2026)
- [Adaptive Compression and Targeted Perturbation: A Unified Framework for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.16049/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We propose BiCrossMamba-ST, a robust framework for speech deepfake detection that leverages a dual-branch spectro-temporal architecture powered by bidirectional Mamba blocks and mutual cross-attention. By processing spectral sub-bands and temporal intervals separately and then integrating their representations, BiCrossMamba-ST effectively captures the subtle cues of synthetic speech. In addition, our proposed framework leverages a convolution-based 2D attention map to focus on specific spectro-temporal regions, enabling robust deepfake detection. Operating directly on raw features, BiCrossMamba-ST achieves significant performance improvements, a 67.74% and 26.3% relative gain over state-of-the-art AASIST on ASVSpoof LA21 and ASVSpoof DF21 benchmarks, respectively, and a 6.80% improvement over RawBMamba on ASVSpoof DF21. Code and models will be made publicly available.