# UD-English-CHILDES: A Collected Resource of Gold and Silver Universal Dependencies Trees for Child Language Interactions

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20304 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.20304/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 9 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Apr 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.07082/) (2020)
- [Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.10643/) (2020)
- [MultiBLiMP 1.0: A Massively Multilingual Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.02768/) (2025)
- [[Call for Papers] The 2nd BabyLM Challenge: Sample-efficient pretraining on a developmentally plausible corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.06214/) (2024)
- [Is Child-Directed Speech Effective Training Data for Language Models?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03617/) (2024)
- [BabyLM Turns 3: Call for papers for the 2025 BabyLM workshop](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.10645/) (2025)
- [A Cross-Linguistic Pressure for Uniform Information Density in Word Order](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.03734/) (2023)
- [Natural Language Processing RELIES on Linguistics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.05966/) (2024)
- [Data-driven Parsing Evaluation for Child-Parent Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.13778/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Function Words as Statistical Cues for Language Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.21191/) (2026)
- [CAIT: A Syntactic Parsing Toolkit for Child-Adult InTeractions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.19718/) (2026)
- [Disentangling Statistical Preemption from Entrenchment in Language Models' Avoidance of Overgeneralization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.01794/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

CHILDES is a widely used resource of transcribed child and child-directed speech. This paper introduces UD-English-CHILDES, the first officially released Universal Dependencies (UD) treebank. It is derived from previously dependency-annotated CHILDES data, which we harmonize to follow unified annotation principles. The gold-standard trees encompass utterances sampled from 11 children and their caregivers, totaling over 48K sentences (236K tokens). We validate these gold-standard annotations under the UD v2 framework and provide an additional 1M~silver-standard sentences, offering a consistent resource for computational and linguistic research.